非等压下考虑渗流和剪胀的圆巷围岩弹塑性统一解

对于富水地层中深埋圆形巷道,为研究多种因素影响下巷道围岩塑性区范围和洞周位移的变化规律,对巷道围岩进行了弹塑性理论分析。对围岩应力场和渗流场进行耦合分析,基于统一强度理论和非关联流动法则,推导出多种因素影响下深埋圆形巷道围岩应力、位移和塑性区半径的解析计算式。结合工程实例进行计算分析,结果表明:中间主应力参数、围岩侧压系数、初始孔隙水压和剪胀角对围岩塑性区径向位移和塑性区范围均有显著影响,但影响规律各不相同;考虑中间主应力作用时,其他各因素的影响效应减弱。综合考虑以上各因素对围岩稳定性的影响,计算结果更加接近工程实际情况。     

The combined benefits of motorcycle antilock braking systems (ABS) in preventing crashes and reducing crash severity

Objective: Several studies have reported the benefits of motorcycle antilock braking systems (ABS) in reducing injury crashes, due to improved stability and braking performance. Both aspects may prevent crashes but may also reduce the crash severity when a collision occurs. However, it is still unknown to what extent the reductions in injury crashes with ABS may be due to a combination of these mechanisms.

Methods: Swedish hospital and police reports (2003–2012) were used. The risk for permanent medical impairment (RPMI) was calculated, showing the risk of at least 1 or 10% permanent medical impairment. In total, 165 crashes involving ABS-equipped motorcycles were compared with 500 crashes with similar motorcycles without ABS.

The analysis was performed in 3 steps. First, the reduction in emergency care visits with ABS was calculated using an induced exposure approach. Secondly, the injury mitigating effects of ABS were investigated. The mean RPMI 1+ and RPMI 10+ were analyzed for different crash types. The distributions of impairing injuries (PMI 1+) and severely impairing injuries (PMI 10+) were also analyzed. In the third step, the total reduction of PMI 1+ and PMI 10+ injured motorcyclists was calculated by combining the reductions found in the previous steps. An additional analysis of combined braking systems (CBS) together with ABS was also performed.

Results: The results showed that emergency care visits were reduced by 47% with ABS. In the second step, it was found that the mean RPMI 1+ and RPMI 10+ with ABS were 15 and 37% lower, respectively. Finally, the third step showed that the total reductions in terms of crash avoidance and mitigation of PMI 1+ and PMI 10+ injured motorcyclists with ABS were 67 and 55%, respectively. However, PMI 1+ and PMI 10+ leg injuries were not reduced by ABS to the same extent. Indications were found suggesting that the benefits of ABS together with CBS may be greater than ABS alone.

Conclusions: This article indicated that motorcycle ABS reduced impairing injuries, mostly due to fewer emergency care visits but also due to a reduction in crash severity. This may seem reasonable as the improved stability and braking performance provided by ABS could prevent some crashes but would also decrease crash severity if a collision still occurs. As suggested by previous studies, however, the lower extremities would be more exposed in a crash with ABS. It is recommended that future research should follow up these results with additional data.     

电子垃圾中塑料成分的回收利用研究现状

由于电子信息等高科技产业迅猛发展,电子垃圾成为增长速度最快的固体废物。塑料在电子垃圾中占有很大比例,由于塑料回收成本高而经济效益低,往往采取填埋和焚烧的处理方法,随着资源环境危机加剧和人们环境意识的提高,电子垃圾中塑料的回收利用引起了人们的重视。为了促进电子垃圾中塑料成分的回收利用,综述了电子垃圾中塑料的种类及其数量,介绍了国内外电子垃圾中塑料的回收处理研究现状。指出了电子垃圾中塑料的回收利用研究存在的问题,并提出了解决当前存在问题的建议。     

有关如何保障中国“限塑令”政策顺利实施的研究

国务院最近出台的“限塑令”一度引起社会各界的广泛关注,对于这一政策,公众各持观点,对此褒贬不一。通过在徐州地区的调查,并对调查的结果进行分析,提出了有可能影响“限塑令”顺利实施的四对主要矛盾。通过对这四对矛盾进行深入分析,得出了相关结论,并提出了五个有助于中国“限塑令”顺利实施的建议。     

甘肃省农业土壤邻苯二甲酸酯累积特征及来源分析

为了解甘肃省农业土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的组成及累积特征,采集了甘肃省4种农业土壤共41个土壤样品,利用气相色谱单四级杆质谱联用仪（GC-MS）分析了6种PAEs化合物含量.结果表明,甘肃省农业土壤中6种PAEs化合物,平均值为432.4 μg ·kg^-1,土壤中DMP、DEP、DnBP、DEHP和DNOP检出率为100%,BBP均未检出.甘肃省4种农业土壤PAEs平均值大小顺序依次为：温室>农田（露地）>森林>草原,参照美国土壤6种优控的PAEs控制标准,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯（DnBP）、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）和邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）超标率分别为94%、28%和27%,其余3种均未超标.不同农业土壤中的PAEs组成由于其来源不同而具有差异性,6种不同PAEs单体中DEHP和DnBP组分占比较高,是甘肃省农业土壤中PAEs的主要污染物.本研究中土壤PAEs、DEHP含量分别与农田地膜残留量呈显著的正相关关系（P <0.05）.总体上,甘肃省河西地区土壤PAEs含量明显高于陇东地区.     

塑性混凝土渗透及渗透变形试验模型与指标测定

介绍了为堤防防渗工程设计的塑性混凝土渗透系数及渗透破坏比降试验模型及其测定方法。     

利用废泡沫塑料制备防水涂料

介绍了利用废聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料制备水乳型防水涂料的工艺流程、配方及其性能测试方法。     

基于梯度塑性理论的岩石等间距破坏分析

等间距断裂属应变局部化范畴,这是传统的宏观连续介质理论无法预测和解释的。应变梯度理论是传统塑性理论的推广和完善,本文在屈服函数中引用应变梯度项分析了岩石等间距破坏问题。首先建立了平面应力状态下应变梯度塑性理论模型,通过解析岩样边界在水平压应力作用下的塑性应变场,得出其曲面的分布具有等间距规律,其网络的分布格局及幅值大小受岩样尺度、边界应力、降模量等多种因素的影响。这一结论不仅与一些文献结果相吻合,而且说明用梯度塑性理论能够近似描述等间距现象。本文对深入研究等间距断裂提供了一个新思路。     

复合内嵌筋材加固混凝土梁破坏模式分析

对螺旋肋钢筋施加预应力,将其与碳纤维筋组合后,以不同的方式嵌入到混凝土梁受拉区混凝土保护层中,对混凝土梁进行加固,能显著提高混凝土梁的承载能力。在对承载能力试验结果做简单阐述的前提下,针对加固梁中多材料、多界面存在的客观现实,全面系统地分析了加固梁可能存在的破坏模式,且与试验梁的破坏模式进行对比,对不同加固方式加固的试验梁的破坏模式及破坏机理进行了分析。分析表明,多界面的存在严重影响了加固梁的承载力;不同的破坏界面,应对加固材料断面总内力采取不同的取值,在试验中应特别注意破坏界面的判别,否则计算结果会产生很大误差。