铁路沿线供暖用低温空气源热泵热力性能对比研究

我国北方铁路沿线站段冬季采暖主要以燃煤锅炉为主,随着冬季雾霾现象日益严重,采用空气源热泵作为北方铁路沿线传统燃煤锅炉供暖的替代方式,对于减少能源消耗、改善大气环境具有重要意义。研究跨临界CO2热回收热泵和回热循环热泵系统2种低温空气源热泵系统,对其热力性能进行了实验和对比分析。结果表明,当环境温度不变时,随着供水温度由45℃升高至55℃,跨临界CO2热回收热泵制热量和COP均升高;随着供水温度由45℃升高至50℃,回热循环热泵制热量和COP均逐渐降低。当供水温度低于50℃时,回热循环热泵COP高于跨临界CO2热回收热泵,回热循环热泵系统的节能效果更为显著;当供水温度超过50℃时,跨临界CO2热回收热泵的性能更优。在低温环境条件下,跨临界CO2热回收热泵系统能够提供更高的供水温度,并有效提升空气源热泵的制热性能,结合我国北方铁路沿线站段的供暖需求和气候条件,提出相较于回热循环热泵系统,跨临界CO2热回收热泵系统的适用性和热力性能更为优越。     

A case study of development and application of a streamlined control and response modeling system for PM2.5 attainment assessment in China

This article describes the development and application of a streamlined air control and response modeling system with a novel response surface modeling-linear coupled fitting method and a new module to provide streamlined model data for PM_(2.5) attainment assessment in China.This method is capable of significantly reducing the dimensions required to establish a response surface model,as well as capturing more realistic response of PM_(2.5) to emission changes with a limited number of model simulations.The newly developed module establishes a data link between the system and the Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition(SMAT-CE),and has the ability to rapidly provide model responses to emission control scenarios for SMAT-CE using a simple interface.The performance of this streamlined system is demonstrated through a case study of the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) in China.Our results show that this system is capable of reproducing the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality(CMAQ) model simulation results with maximum mean normalized error 3.5%.It is also demonstrated that primary emissions make a major contribution to ambient levels of PM_(2.5) in January and August(e.g.,more than50%contributed by primary emissions in Shanghai),and Shanghai needs to have regional emission control both locally and in its neighboring provinces to meet China's annual PM_(2.5)National Ambient Air Quality Standard.The streamlined system provides a real-time control/response assessment to identify the contributions of major emission sources to ambient PM_(2.5)(and potentially O_3 as well) and streamline air quality data for SMAT-CE to perform attainment assessments.     

Large inter annual variation in air quality during the annual festival ‘Diwali' in an Indian megacity

A network of air quality and weather monitoring stations was established under the System of Air Quality Forecasting and Research(SAFAR) project in Delhi. We report observations of ozone(O_3), nitrogen oxides(NO_x), carbon monoxide(CO) and particulate matter(PM_2.5and PM_(10)) before, during and after the Diwali in two consecutive years, i.e., November 2010 and October 2011. The Diwali days are characterised by large firework displays throughout India. The observations show that the background concentrations of particulate matter are between 5 and 10 times the permissible limits in Europe and the United States. During the Diwali-2010, the highest observed PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentration is as high as2070 μg/m~3 and 1620 μg/m3, respectively(24 hr mean), which was about 20 and 27 times to National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS). For Diwali-2011, the increase in PM_(10) and PM_2.5mass concentrations was much less with their peaks of 600 and of 390 μg/m~3 respectively, as compared to the background concentrations. Contrary to previous reports,firework display was not found to strongly influence the NO_x, and O_3 mixing ratios, with the increase within the observed variability in the background. CO mixing ratios showed an increase. We show that the large difference in 2010 and 2011 pollutant concentrations is controlled by weather parameters.     

回流指数在空气质量变化研究中的应用

将回流指数引入珠三角污染气象条件的研究中,尝试使用回流指数判别形成区域大气污染的机理.运用中尺度数值模式WRF得到珠三角精细化的回流指数时空分布,同时与边界层外场观测试验结果进行比对从而验证模式对边界层内风场的模拟效果.最后,分别对干湿季冷高压影响下的污染过程进行分析,湿季选取2013年4月13—16日的珠三角重污染过程,干季选取同年12月8—10日的污染过程.结果表明:在本研究的两次过程中,使用回流指数Rcritical=0.6作为阈值能较好地区分局地污染物回流堆积与上风向污染物输送两种因素在冷高压型污染过程中何者占主导,当区域中回流指数普遍低于0.6则是污染物局地回流堆积作用更明显,若普遍高于0.6则是受上风向污染物的输送影响更明显;在局地回流堆积为主要形成机理的污染过程中,地面污染物浓度与边界层整体回流系数呈反方向变化关系,地面污染物浓度峰值对应边界层回流系数谷值;在污染物输送为主要形成因素的污染过程中,边界层中低层回流系数达到峰值时代表该区域此时受上风向风场输送作用最显著,地面污染物浓度同时达到峰值.     

无机沉淀对土壤有机质吸附疏水有机污染物的影响

土壤有机质对疏水性有机污染物的吸附解吸是影响其在土壤中迁移、转化和归趋的重要因素之一。老化是有机污染物和土壤等介质长时间相互作用的结果,它影响着污染物的生物有效性。已有的老化研究注重有机污染物被土壤等介质吸附隔离的机制,很少考虑土壤等吸附剂自身演化对有机污染物吸附的影响。本文通过无机沉淀处理方法来模拟自然环境过程吸附剂自身的演化对土壤有机质吸附能力的影响,从而证明吸附剂自身的变化也是影响老化效应的一个重要因素。结果表明,不同无机沉淀包裹和填充的碱提土样品比原始碱提土样品具有更小的吸附能力,同时无机沉淀处理后的样品的吸附性能随着无机沉淀离子浓度增加而降低。这可能是无机沉淀覆盖碱提土样品的内外表面积和填充碱提土样品的微孔所引起的,同时也可能是无机沉淀占据了吸附有机污染物的高能点位所致。     

中国东中西部经济带的水环境库兹涅茨假说实证及其影响因素研究

“八五”至“十二五”期间,中国取得巨大的经济成果的同时带来了严重的水环境污染问题.文章分析了东中西部三大经济带经济发展及COD和氨氮两种主要水污染排放的差异,及其与经济发展的关系进行了EKC假说的实证研究.研究结果表明,部分污染物的拟合曲线尚处于上升阶段,未能出现典型的倒U型曲线,可能导致水环境质量恶化.环境基础设施建设、人口分布和产业结构等因素与COD和氨氮的排放量密切相关,因此,中国必须采取各种环境管理和技术手段,促使区域水污染物排放量指标与经济发展的拟合曲线出现转折点,改善水环境质量.     

武汉市城市化进程与大气污染关系探究

通过借鉴国内外城市化与环境污染相关性的研究成果,分别选取12个指标代表武汉市城市化进程,5个指标代表大气环境水平,以武汉市1997~2013年各级指标数据为基础数据,量化计算其综合指数,建立城市化进程和大气污染两者的相关模型,以此来分析武汉市城市化进程与大气污染的相互关系。研究表明:武汉市1997~2013年城市化进程平稳快速发展,大致呈现直线增长趋势;武汉市大气污染综合指数波动明显,大致呈倒"N"型曲线方式,说明其污染出现反复,其中可吸入颗粒物PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)严重超标,超标率为100%,成为主要污染物;通过计算城市化综合指数和大气污染综合指数构建两者关系模型,分析发现,武汉市城市化进程与大气污染关系的拟合不符合环境库兹涅茨倒"U"型曲线,而呈现出环境库兹涅茨倒"U"型曲线的特殊格式—倒"N"型曲线关系,由此揭示出武汉市城市化进程的大气污染效应。通过对武汉市近10年城市化进程与大气污染相关性的探究,最后给出降低城市可吸入颗粒物的相关对策。     

基于卫星遥感的海南地区对流层NO2长期变化及成因分析

利用OMI卫星反演的较高分辨率(0.125°×0.125°)对流层NO_2(Tro NO_2)柱浓度数据,分析了近12年海南岛TroNO_2柱浓度的时空变化,同时,结合MODIS卫星反演的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)资料、海口市空气质量指数(AQI)、GDP、SO_2排放总量,以及民用汽车保有量等探究其长期变化与成因.结果表明:海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度空间分布表现为北半部高于南半部、四周沿海高于中部山区的特征,其中,北部地区最大值可达20×1014molec·cm~(-2)以上.近12年来海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度表现为上升的变化趋势.季节变化表现为冬季高于夏季,夏季浓度偏低和雨水的冲刷作用有关,而冬季偏高与旅游过冬人口增多和外源输送作用有密切联系.四季TroNO_2柱浓度均有不同程度的上升,而且季节差异在2010年以后有增大的趋势.海南地区TroNO_2柱浓度分布与岛上经济水平和人口分布关系密切,海南地区民用机动车拥有量近10年呈现快速的增加趋势,机动车尾气NO_2排放也不容忽视.     

Inhibition of pancreatic carboxypeptidase A: A possible mechanism of interaction between penicillic acid and ochratoxin A

Abstract

Penicillic acid and ochratoxin A are environmentally important toxic fungal metabolites (mycotoxins) that are synergistic in combination. The effects of penicillic acid on the pancreatic enzyme, :arboxypeptidase A were investigated in vitro and in vivo. A broad range of inhibition in vitro of the enzyme by PA was demonstrated with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration equal to 1.1 x 10^‐4M PA. Inhibition of carboxypeptidase A was time and temperature dependent, and resulted in decreased conversion of parent ochratoxin A to the non‐toxic metabolite, ochratoxin alpha. Studies in vivo demonstrated a penicillic acid‐dependent inhibition of pancreatic carboxypeptidase A activity in the mouse and the chicken following multiple oral exposure. It is postulated that the mode of toxic interaction of the two mycotoxins may be due, in part, to impaired detoxification of ochratoxin A through peni‐cillic acid depletion of carboxypeptidase A activity.     

Multidimensional modeling of aerosol monitoring data

The present study deals with the application of N-way factor analysis for modeling and interpretation of a three-dimensional environmental data set acquired from monitoring of particulate matter (PM) collected at four different sampling locations in Lower Austria region (Central Europe). In the study the Tucker3 algorithm for N-way modeling was used. It was statistically validated that the Tucker3 model offered having the dimensionality [222] is appropriate for correct interpretation of the relationships between chemical parameters, sampling locations and sampling period. The Tucker3 model allowed to distinguish three major sources of pollution in the region of interest conditionally named “soil dust”, “combustion” and “street dust” latent factors as responsible for chemical profile of PM and to identify seasonal variability. Additionally, some specificity of the sampling locations was also pointed out.