养猪微生物发酵床垫料细菌多样性分析

为揭示养猪微生物发酵床垫料细菌群落的多样性,明确发酵程度对垫料细菌群落结构的影响.本研究基于高通量测序技术分析了微生物发酵床3个发酵等级垫料的细菌群落特征.测序共获得1198467条序列,包括33个门、73纲、272科,600属的细菌,发酵床垫料细菌多样性与发酵等级相关.其中中度发酵垫料细菌数量最多,深度发酵垫料细菌种类最多.拟杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门和厚壁菌门是优势菌类群.随着发酵等级的增加,垫料中的葡萄球菌科和皮杆菌科细菌含量减少,说明发酵床可以抑制致病菌,保护养殖健康.在3个发酵阶段,微生物发酵床中起主要降解作用的细菌不同.在轻度发酵时期,黄单胞杆菌科和间孢囊菌科细菌是主要的降解菌群;在中度发酵时期,变形菌门的腐螺旋菌科、拟杆菌门的黄杆菌科、放线菌门的棒状杆菌科和异常球菌-栖热菌门的特吕珀菌科起主要降解作用;在深度发酵时期,厚壁菌门梭菌目瘤胃菌科、拟杆菌门的紫单胞杆菌科、变形菌门的产碱菌科和假单胞菌科起降解作用.随着垫料等级的增加,粪便中的指示菌——瘤胃菌含量增加,可作为垫料更换的信号.PICRUSt分析显示随着发酵等级增加,细菌代谢水平下降.本研究可为发酵床猪粪的生物降解提供理论依据,同时为发酵床垫料的管理与维护提供参考.     

高通量测序技术应用于污水处理厂细菌气溶胶群落结构分析

由于污水及其处理设施中细菌气溶胶的逸散作用,导致污水处理厂细菌气溶胶的群落结构较为复杂,因此,选择适宜的采样和分析方法对其多样性的认识和风险评估具有重要意义.本研究以某城市污水厂为研究对象,采用"总悬浮颗粒物采样器+高通量测序技术"分别对污水处理全过程进行细菌气溶胶的收集与分析;作为对照,采用"Andersen六级采样器+克隆文库技术"进行同步采样和分析.结果表明,前者对各采样点气溶胶中细菌的多样性、总体群落组成、优势群落的解析均明显优于后者,分析更简便快捷,数据更全面、更接近其真实的分布状态.本研究结果可为污水处理厂细菌气溶胶的采样和分析方法的选择提供科学依据.     

南淝河表层沉积物细菌群落结构特征及驱动因素

为了探讨南淝河不同河段沉积物细菌群落结构特征差异及其主要驱动因素,在对南淝河不同土地利用区域河段表层沉积物的主要理化指标（pH、CEC、TOC、DOC、氮分级形态）进行分析基础上,重点通过MiSeq高通量测序技术对沉积物中细菌群落结构特征进行了分析,并利用冗余分析（RDA）方法探讨了导致群落结构差异的主要驱动因素.结果表明：沉积物中门水平下优势细菌种群为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）;纲水平下除未分类外主要是厌氧绳菌纲（Anaerolineae）、γ-变形菌纲（Gammaproteobacteria）、梭状芽胞杆菌纲（Clostridia）、δ-变形菌纲（Deltaproteobacteria）,此外ε-变形菌纲（Epsilonproteobacteria）主要在南淝河下游采样点被检测到,说明其在南淝河沉积物生态系统中并不是普遍存在的;属水平下大多为未分类序列,长绳菌属（Longilinea）和芽孢杆菌属（Bellilinea）有优势地位.南淝河不同河段所在流域土地利用方式不同会导致污染物类型、污染源强和沉积物理化指标的不同,进而影响沉积物细菌群落结构,中游城区和工业区段的细菌多样性整体上高于上、下游;RDA分析结果表明,表层沉积物的CEC、TOC、DOC、TP、WAEF-N和IEF-N是导致细菌群落结构特征差异的主要影响因子,其中变形菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门受TP影响较大,绿弯菌门则受弱酸浸取态氮（WAEF-N）影响较大.     

不同温度影响下除铀厌氧微生物群落结构特征解析

为了考察温度对除铀微生物群落结构的影响,通过高通量测序技术分析15℃、25℃和35℃三个温度条件下除铀厌氧微生物的群落组成及丰度.经过48h对7.2mg/L铀的去除试验,温度为35℃情况下厌氧微生物除铀率（99.1%±0.3%）显著高于15℃和25℃的情况.不同温度除铀厌氧菌群中共有菌属居多（43种）.在细菌门水平上,15℃和25℃条件下的厚壁门细菌（Firmicutes）丰度最高,比例分别为61.7%与63.3%,而35℃下变形菌门（Proteobacteria）丰度最高,比例为68.0%.在细菌属水平上,15℃和25℃样品中的第一大类菌属为Trichococcus;但在35℃样品中,Klebsiella丰度最高,比例达到52%,其他优势微生物有Proteiniclasticum（11%）、Clostridium（8%）、Acinetobacter（6%）、Enterobacteriaceae（5%）、Citrobacter（4）、Sedimentibacter（4%）、Desulfovibrio（3%）等.不同温度影响下,除铀厌氧菌群物种丰度差异极其显著.冗余分析发现温度作为环境因子与35℃样本群落结构为正相关关系.而温度对Klebsiella及Trichococcus影响程度最大,但分别为促进丰度增加（正相关）及显著降低丰度（负相关）.     

基质比对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,其出水加入定量的Na NO_2作为厌氧氨氧化过程厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)的进水.在温度为24℃、pH为7. 2±0. 2时,考察不同进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化脱氮除碳的影响.结果表明:(1)进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N为1. 4～1. 6时系统脱氮效能最佳,NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和COD平均出水浓度分别为2. 14、1. 07和30. 50 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为93. 62%、97. 79%和74. 75%,ΔNO_2~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1. 60和0. 17,TN的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果.(2)随着进水NO_2~--N/NH_4~+-N的逐渐增大,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.(3)典型周期内,NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的降解过程均为零级反应,线性关系良好,比降解速率分别为0. 404 mg·(g·h)~(-1)和0. 599 mg·(g·h)~(-1),两者的比降解速率之比为1. 48,COD的比降解速率呈现逐渐增大的趋势.     

硝化细菌的培养及包埋固定化中试

为实现硝化细菌规模化富集及包埋固定化技术的工业化应用.以污水厂回流污泥为菌源,利用工业级生物发酵罐,连续投加并逐渐提高底物浓度,控制FA和FNA实现硝化细菌的快速增长,实现了氨氧化速率118 mg·(L·h)~(-1)的高表达.高通量种群分析结果表明,回流污泥生物多样性较大,具有硝化作用的Nitrosomonas比例仅为0.53%;富集培养后污泥多样性明显降低,Nitrosomonas比例上升至10.27%,相较于驯化前,比例提高了20倍.以此为菌源,用PVA(聚乙烯醇)进行包埋固定化,包埋填料填充率为30%,通过连续流的方式进行包埋填料的活性恢复,仅用27 d填料的硝化速率达到62mg·(L·h)~(-1),证明包埋填料活性恢复.     

Revealing the anaerobic acclimation of microbial community in a membrane bioreactor for coking wastewater treatment by Illumina Miseq sequencing

The dynamic change of microbial community during sludge acclimation from aerobic to anaerobic in a MBR for coking wastewater treatment was revealed by Illumina Miseq sequencing in this study. The diversity of both Bacteria and Archaea showed an increase–decrease trajectory during acclimation, and exhibited the highest at the domestication interim. Ignavibacteria changed from a tiny minority(less than 1%) to the dominant bacterial group(54.0%) along with acclimation. The relative abundance of Betaproteobacteria kept relatively steady, as in this class some species increased coupled with some other species decreased during acclimation. The dominant Archaea shifted from Halobacteria in initial aerobic sludge to Methanobacteria in the acclimated anaerobic sludge. The dominant bacterial and archaeal groups in different acclimation stages were indigenous microorganisms in the initial sludge, though some of them were very rare. This study supported that the species in"rare biosphere" might eventually become dominant in response to environmental change.     

Phosphine production in anaerobic wastewater treatment under tetracycline antibiotic pressure

The influence of tetracycline(TC) antibiotics on phosphine(PH_3) production in the anaerobic wastewater treatment was studied. A lab-scale anaerobic baffled reactor with three compartments was employed to simulate this process. The reactor was operated in a TC-absence wastewater and 250 μg/L TC-presence wastewater for three months after a start-up period,respectively. The responses of p H, oxidation–reduction potential(ORP), chemical oxygen demand(COD), total phosphorus(TP), enzymes activity(dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase),and microbial community were investigated to reveal the effect of TC on PH_3 production.Results suggested that the dehydrogenase(DH) activity, acid phosphatase(ACP) activity and COD have positive relationship with PH_3 production, while p H, ORP level and the TP in liquid phase have negative relationship with PH_3 production. With prolonged TC exposure, decrease in p H and increase in DH activity are beneficial to PH_3 production, while decrease in COD and ACP activity are not the limiting factors for PH_3 production.     

Experimental continuous sludge microwave system to enhance dehydration ability and hydrogen production from anaerobic digestion of sludge

Dehydrating large amounts of sludge produced by sewage treatment plants is difficult.Microwave pretreatment can effectively and significantly improve the dewaterability and hydrogen production of sludge subjected to anaerobic digestion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different microwave conditions on hydrogen production from anaerobic digestion and dewaterability of sludge. Based on an analysis of the electric field distribution, a spiral reactor was designed and a continuous microwave system was built to conduct intermittent and continuous experiments under different conditions. Settling Volume, Capillary Suction Time, particle size, and moisture content of the sludge were measured. The results show that sludge pretreatment in continuous experiments has equally remarkable dehydration performance as in intermittent experiments; the minimum moisture content was 77.29% in the intermittent experiment under a microwave power of 300 W and an exposure time of 60 sec, and that in the continuous experiment was 77.56% under a microwave power of 400 W and an exposure time of 60 sec.The peak measured by Differential Scanning Calorimeter appeared earliest under a microwave power of 600 W and an exposure time of 180 sec. The heat flux at the peak was 4.343 W/g, which is relatively small. This indicates that microwave pretreatment induced desirable effects. The maximum yield of hydrogen production was 7.967% under the conditions of microwave power of 500 W, exposure time of 120 sec, and water bath at 55°C. This research provides a theoretical and experimental basis for the development of a continuous microwave sludge-conditioning system.     

流动床SBR处理饮料废水的试验研究

在序批式活性污泥(SBR)反应池内投加填料,形成流动床SBR,本试验对SBR和流动床SBR去除COD、TN的效果进行了对比研究,结果表明:流动床SBR对COD、TN的去除效果优于SBR,采用限制性曝气方式时TN的去除率较非限制性曝气方式高。