东南极海硒的形态和分布

采用新的现场分离了东海极海１２个表层海水样及３２个剖面样中硒及各主要溶存形态的含量，发现总硒含量高于其它各大洋，这可能与特殊的极地生态环境对其形态的影响有关〉Ｓｅ（Ⅵ）拟可作为水团指示剂     

南极普里兹湾与太平洋、印度洋海水中90Sr和137Cs的研究

通过对太平洋、印度洋、南极普里北湾表层海水中＾９０Ｓｒ、＾１３７Ｃｓ的分析，可以看出北半球放射必疹高于南半球。南极海域活度最你荒废 域人工放射性核素仍与大气沉降有关。全球人工放性活度吾下降趋势，但各海区下降的程度不同。南极普里兹湾夏季深层水的通升是影响该海区放射性水平的一个重要因素。局部区域的人工放射必不知 度与采样时间和地理位置有关。     

Elemental composition of surface waters in the Antarctic Peninsula and interactions with the environment

The fast changes in chemical and biological properties of many coastal and inland waters in the last decades reflect the pressure of man on the environment. The surface waters of the Antarctic Peninsula, located far from industrial or populated areas, could eventually be used as background lines. Surface water samples were taken from five lagoons of King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula, and from the Kitiesh Lake. Sample pH and electrical conductivity were analysed in situ and in the laboratory, respectively. The dissolved fractions were analysed in 1997 and 1998. Total concentrations only for 1998 were determined in another fraction adjusted to pH 2. Aluminium, Ca, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd, Sn, Sb, Ba, Bi, and Pb were quantified in all samples by means of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Total and dissolved elemental concentrations were discussed considering the composition of particulate material suspended in the waters removed by streams or by water runoff, or from atmospheric aerosols. Concentrations of dissolved elements change from one lagoon to another. Total and dissolved elemental concentrations could be related to water movement by windstorms, to chemical mechanisms in water and/or to natural and anthropogenic atmospheric factors.     

Biogeochemical cycles of selenium in Antarctic water

ＢｉｏｇｅｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｃｙｃｌｅｓｏｆｓｅｌｅｎｉｕｍｉｎＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃｗａｔｅｒ￥ＸｉａＷｅｉｐｉｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ＯｌｄＤｏｍｉｎｉｏｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｎｏｒｆｏｌｋ，ＶＡ２３５２９，ＵＳＡ）...     

Effect of dietary fluoride derived from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal on growth of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata)

Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) is the most important cultured marine fish in Japan. Dietary fish meal for yellowtail in aquaculture was replaced with 0.0%, 15.4% and 100.0% Antarctic krill meal (KM0, KM15, and KM100) and with 0.0%, 15.4%, and 100.0% low-fluoride krill meal (LFK0, LFK15 and LFK100). The fish was fed to duplicate fish groups for 92 d (KM trial) or 75 d (LFK trial), and fish growth was monitored.Dietary fluoride (F⁻) concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) were 110, 160, and 580 (KM0, KM15, and KM100, respectively) and 98, 120, and 190 (LFK0, LFK15, and LFK100, respectively). The growth during the experimental period, weight gain, feed intake, specific growth rate, and feed efficiency in fish fed the KM100 diet were markedly lower than the other experimental groups, which showed no marked differences in growth performance.After the experiment, dorsal muscle fluoride concentrations in each group were below the detectable limit (1 mg kg⁻¹), but vertebral bone fluoride concentrations increased with increasing proportion of KM to 655 (KM0), 870 (KM15), and 2150 (KM100) mg kg⁻¹. With increasing LFK in the feed, vertebral bone fluoride concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) increased slightly from 500 (LFK0) to 655 (LFK15), and 695 (LFK100). No histopathological changes were detected in the liver tissue in any experimental group.It has been reported that the fluoride bioavailability was reduced with increasing water hardness, however, the dietary fluoride derived from KM exoskeleton accumulates in vertebral bones of marine fish with growth inhibition, as has already been shown for freshwater fish. Vertebral bone fluoride concentrations in two krill-eating Antarctic marine fish in the wild were 33 000 mg kg⁻¹ (Champsocephalus gunnari) and 15 000 mg kg⁻¹ (Notothenia rossii), but they did not show any adverse effect of growth. Therefore, fish bone fluoride accumulation apparently depends on fish species rather than the salinity of the habitat. Consequently, krill exoskeleton must be removed during the processing of Antarctic krill if indeed these krill are to be used as fish feed. However, LFK can completely replace dietary fish meal without apparent adverse effects.     

Eradication of the non-native Poa pratensis colony at Cierva Point,Antarctica: A case study of international cooperation and practical management in an area under multi-party governance

The on-going introduction of non-native species to Antarctica due to expanding human activity presents an increasing threat to biodiversity. Under the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, all introduced non-native species should be removed from the Antarctic Treaty area. The non-native grass Poa pratensis was first introduced to Cierva Point (Danco Coast, Antarctic Peninsula), along with substantial quantities of non-Antarctic soil, in the mid-1950s. Consistent with the Protocol, in January 2015 an internationally coordinated team undertook the eradication of the grass. Immediately prior to removal of P. pratensis, factors affecting its establishment, persistence and impacts upon local indigenous species was examined within the international management framework of the Antarctic Treaty System. The underlying soil had a high organic content of 15.5%, which may have contributed to the successful establishment of P. pratensis and restricted, at least initially, its vegetative growth to the enriched area. Examination of P. pratensis expansion from the original introduction sites showed that the plant colony intricate root system facilitated little or no coexistence of other native plants within its extent. The non-native plant colony also constituted a novel habitat for soil fauna within Antarctic terrestrial environments. The P. pratensis plant colony provided an unfavorable habitat for two of the locally endemic soil invertebrates, Cryptopygus antarcticus and Belgica antarctica. These observations led to the selection of an appropriate eradication approach, where the plants were targeted for physical extraction along with all underlying soil. During the eradication, c. 500 kg of soil and plant material from the P. pratensis colony was removed from the site. Monitoring one year later showed no evidence of re-establishment. Consistent with the Committee for Environmental Protection ‘Non-native Species Manual’, we recommend development and implementation of rapid response protocols following the discovery of a non-native plant colony to limit future impacts on indigenous species and local habitats.     

The extraordinary events of the major,sudden stratospheric warming,the diminutive antarctic ozone hole,and its split in 2002

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Great interest in the unprecedented events of the major, sudden stratospheric warming and the ozone hole split over Antarctica in September 25, 2002 motivates a necessity to analyze the current understanding on the dynamics, chemistry and climate impacts that are associated with both events. METHODS: Significant progress in the analysis of the observational data obtained, as well as successful development and application of dynamical modeling, which have been achieved very recently, create a basis for the first survey on the role of the major, sudden stratospheric warming observed in the southern hemisphere and its relationship to the diminutive Antarctic ozone hole and its break up into two parts. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Special attention has been paid to assessments of the causes of the major warming event and the future expectations concerning the stratospheric ozone depletion effect. Among the principal results is the fact that, as the polar vortex elongated, it became hydrodynamically unstable, and this insta-, bility affected the upper troposphere and stratosphere. During the major, sudden stratospheric warming, the middle stratospheric vortex split into two pieces; one piece rapidly mixed with extra vortex air, while the other returned to the pole as a much weaker and smaller vortex. The polar night jet was considerably weaker than normal, and was displaced more poleward than has been observed in previous winters, resulting from a series of wave events (propagated from the troposphere) that took place over the course of the winter. Finally, the relative ozone decrease (increase) in the eastern Antarctic is tightly associated with westerly (easterly) zonal wind anomalies near the southern tip of South America, and the unusual behavior of the ozone hole in 2002 therefore appears to be caused by great easterlies in this region. CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion is that the southern polar vortex and the diminutive ozone hole split into two parts in September 2002, due to the prevalence of very strong planetary waves, led to the appearance of a major, sudden stratospheric warming. Although there is evidence that sea surface temperature anomalies contributed to the excitation of the quite strong planetary waves over Antarctica in 2002, there is not yet a widely approved mechanism supporting that. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK:The appearance of the near-record size of the 2003 ozone hole confirmed that the 'no-ozone-hole' episode observed in the year 2002 does not denote a recovery of the ozone layer. Despite the current successful attempts to get a sufficient understanding for the genesis of both extraordinary events, more observations and further modeling efforts are necessary to more reliably assess the contribution of various dynamic mechanisms to the recently observed tropo-stratospheric surprises.     

南极中山站一氧化碳本底的监测与分析

利用东南极大陆沿岸中山站2008—2010年的CO浓度在线观测和相关资料,分析了大气中CO浓度的本底特征及其季节变化.结果显示,在不同风向和风速条件下CO浓度变化很小,表明风向和风速对CO监测结果的影响很小,也表明观测的CO浓度受局地污染源排放影响很小,可以代表南极中山站的本底浓度.中山站与其它南极站相似,CO浓度具有非对称的季节变化,月平均浓度最高值出现在春季(9—10月),最低值在夏末秋初(2—3月),月平均CO浓度在30～65 ppb之间.南极各站的年平均CO浓度的年际变化范围差异不大,均为2～3 ppb.