WATER AND WASTEWATER QUALITY MONITORING, MCMURDO STATION, ANTARCTICA

McMurdo Station is the largest research station in Antarctica and has a population that ranges from 250 to 1200 people. Wastewater from the Station is macerated, was sometimes mixed with waste brine from the desalinization plant and is discharged to McMurdo Sound. Effluent water quality has been routinely monitored since 1989, and a special ambient water quality study was conducted by Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) personnel in 1992. Results of the effluent monitoring efforts show that low concentrations of a few organic contaminants have been detected, while concentrations of metals, particularly copper, are considerably higher. Ambient water quality and sea ice monitoring detected very few contaminants, all at very low levels. Only minor and variable dissolved oxygen depression was detected near the outfall. Diatom communities near the outfall differ in relative abundance, cell counts, and chlorophyll a content compared to control sites. For the purpose of evaluating the impact of McMurdo`s effluent on ambient water quality, improved effluent monitoring and sediment quality monitoring are recommended instead of frequent monitoring of ambient water quality.     

Organic contamination in the Great Wall bay,Antarctica in austral summer

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中国南极长城站室内空气微生物状况

空气微生物是空气洁净程度的重要指标、环境污染状况的真实反映[1] .十年来 ,位于南极半岛的中国长城站常年有考察队员居住和工作 ,尤其在南极之夏 ,不时有各国考察、旅游、观光者出入 .这些都给长城站空气微生物的变化带入了外来因素[2 ] .我们于 1994年 2月 ,随机对站上 19个室内测点作空气微生物考察 ,以监测和比较室内空气微生物含量状况 ,为进一步了解空气微生物的卫生学意义 ,并服务于提高南极考察队员的身体素质 ,加深对南极生态系统的理解而提供一些资料 .1　材料与方法1 .1　测点1994年 2月份分 6天对 19个室内空间作了 2 0次测定 …     

高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定南极样品中有机氯农药

建立了同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(HRGC/HRMS)测定南极土壤、苔藓和地衣样品中23种有机氯农药的分析方法.样品经冷冻干燥、研磨处理后用正己烷∶二氯甲烷(1∶1,V∶V)混合溶剂进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE),萃取液经硅胶-氧化铝层析柱和C18小柱净化后,进HRGC/HRMS检测分析.样品中目标物定量采用平均相对响应因子法,6点标准曲线响应因子的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤20%,方法的线性范围为0.4—800μg·L-1,回收率在62%—101%之间.实际样品分析结果表明,23种OCPs的加标回收率为40%—100%,在土壤、苔藓和地衣样品中的检出限(LODs)分别为0.024—5.01、0.2—12.2、0.020—13.7 pg·g-1,可以满足南极环境样品中有机氯农药的检测分析.     

Anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region

This study aimed to evaluate the presence of ultraviolet filters (UV-Fs), benzotriazoles, pyrethroids and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in freshwater and wastewater from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. All water samples analyzed contained UV-Fs residues and high concentrations were detected in anthropogenic impacted sites (< LOD up to 1300 ng/L). Likewise, benzotriazoles were detected in all water samples (< LOQ–920 ng/L). Regarding suspended particulate matter, almost all UV-Fs and all benzotriazoles were measured at concentrations ranging from < LOQ to 33 µg/g dry weight. Pyrethroids were also detected (< LOQ–250 ng/L) and their presence implies the existence of a gateway to the Antarctica Peninsula from other regions. The data confirmed the presence of PFASs (< LOD–7500 ng/L) in this area, in agreement with previous studies. In light of these results, extended monitoring in Antarctica should be carried out to perform a reliable environmental risk assessment leading to propose recommendations to minimize the anthropic impact.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01404-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Spatial and temporal variability of marine-origin matter along a transect from Zhongshan Station to Dome A, Eastern Antarctica

The spatiotemporal distribution pattern of marine-origin matter on the Antarctica ice sheet was used to study variations in the source regions, transport mechanisms and postdepositional influences. We present data on sea salt ions, sulfur components and stable isotopes from surface and snow pit samples collected along the transect route from Zhongshan Station to Dome A during the austral summer in 2012–2013. A general decreasing trend in the accumulation, sea salt ions and sulfur components occurred with increasing distance from the coast and increasing elevation. However, different sources of the marine components, transport pathways and post-depositional influences were responsible for their different spatial distribution patterns. The marine ions in the coastal snow pit varied seasonally, with higher sea salt ion concentrations in the winter and lower concentrations in the summer; the opposite pattern was found for the sulfur compounds. The sea ice area surrounding Antarctica was the main source region for the deposited sea salt and the open sea water for the sulfur compounds. No significant trends in the marine-origin components were detected during the past 3 decades. Several periods of elevated deposition of sea salt ions were associated with lower temperatures(based on δD and δ18O) or intensified wind fields. In comparison to the sea salt ions, the sulfur concentrations exhibited the opposite distribution patterns and were associated with changes in the surrounding sea ice extent.     

南极菲尔德斯半岛植被微区CO2浓度的监测

在南极苔藓植被的微环境区内,CO₂的浓度在473.5mg·m^-3以上,大大高于全球CO2的平均浓度(356 mg·m^-3),可见苔藓等植被区可能是大气CO₂的源之一.这与特殊的南极条件下植被的生理生态特性有关.在苔藓分布区,CO₂浓度日变化的主要影响因素是光照和温度.菲尔德斯半岛变化无常的天气状况使得CO₂浓度昼夜变化规律出现局部波动,不同的天气状况也使CO₂浓度发生变化.研究表明:光照条件是CO₂浓度变化的主导影响因素,从CO₂浓度的季节变化中可以看出,CO₂浓度变化与大气温度呈负相关;与降水量和空气相对湿度呈正相关.本文首次给出了极地环境下植被微区的CO₂浓度变化及其影响因素,为极地温室气体的研究提供了新的材料.     

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in the Antarctic troposphere measured during the photochemical experiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99)

Because investigations of PAN at higher southern latitudes are very scarce, we measured surface PAN concentrations for the first time in Antarctica. During the Photochemical Experiment at Neumayer (PEAN'99) campaign mean surface PAN mixing ratios of 13±7 pptv and maximum values of 48 pptv were found. When these PAN mixing ratios were compared to the sum of NO_x and inorganic nitrate they were found to be equal or higher. Low ambient air temperatures and low PAN concentrations caused a slow homogeneous PAN decomposition rate of approximately 5×10⁻² pptv h⁻¹. These slow decay rates were not sufficient to firmly establish the simultaneously observed NO_x concentrations. In addition, low concentration ratios of [HNO₃]/[NO_x] imply that the photochemical production of NO_x within the snow pack can influence surface NO_x mixing ratios in Antarctica. Alternate measurements of PAN mixing ratios at two different heights above the snow surface were performed to derive fluxes between the lower troposphere and the underlying snow pack using calculated friction velocities. Most of the concentration differences were below the precision of the measurements. Therefore, only an upper limit for the PAN flux of ±1×10¹³ molecules m⁻² s⁻¹ without a predominant direction can be estimated. However, PAN fluxes below this limit can still influence both the transfer of nitrogen compounds between atmosphere and ice, and the PAN budget in higher southern latitudes.