WIDTH OF STREAMS AND RIVERS IN RESPONSE TO VEGETATION,BANK MATERIAL,AND OTHER FACTORS1

ABSTRACT: An extensive group of datasets was analyzed to examine factors affecting widths of streams and rivers. Results indicate that vegetative controls on channel size are scale dependent. In channels with watersheds greater than 10 to 100 km², widths are narrower in channels with thick woody bank vegetation than in grass lined or nonforested banks. The converse is true in smaller streams apparently due to interactions between woody debris, shading, understory vegetation, rooting characteristics, and channel size. A tree based statistical method (regression tree) is introduced and tested as a tool for identifying thresholds of response and interpreting interactions between variables. The implications of scale dependent controls on channel width are discussed in the context of stable channel design methods and development of regional hydraulic geometry curves.     

三峡库区干流总磷浓度变化趋势分析研究

通过分析2000年-2015年的三峡库区长江、嘉陵江、乌江干流总磷浓度数据,掌握三峡库区总磷总体水平,长江干流总磷浓度为0.135±0.043 mg/1,为Ⅲ类水质;嘉陵江总磷浓度较低,为0.075±0.033 mg/1,为Ⅱ类水质;乌江干流总磷浓度较高,约为0.403±0.288 mg/1,为V类水质.长江重庆段入境朱沱断面的总磷浓度在枯、丰水期呈显著上升趋势,出境培石断面的总磷浓度在枯、平水期呈显著上升趋势.乌江干流入境万木断面和入库锣鹰断面总磷浓度变化趋势一致,都表现为先升高后降低.从2009年开始升高,在2011年或2012年达到峰值,最大浓度超过1.0 mg/1,然后开始逐年下降,到2015年浓度下降到0.2 mg/l.     

信息约束条件下的流域农业面源污染控制优化

我国广大小流域迫切需要开展农业面源污染控制,但却面临着水质、水文、气象、土地等监测资料不足的信息约束条件。为了应对此问题,本文以具有冻融变化特征的东北地区为例,开发了一套信息约束条件下的流域农业面源污染控制优化系统。首先,提出了农业面源污染负荷的计算方法。其次,分析了流域水质的影响因素。接着,建立了面源污染输入与流域出水口水质之间的响应关系,经验证该系统输出数据与实际污染状况相吻合,能够很好地模拟流域污染状况。最后通过各种削减策略的运用,模拟出农业面源污染削减率和削减后的总氮浓度。通过采用本研究制定的控制优化方案,改变种植类型和面积以及改善施肥配施比,将污染源数据进行量化作为输入数据,经系统输出得到模拟污染输出数据,可得到较好的污染削减效果。研究结果为信息约束条件下治理流域农业面源污染提供了决策支持。     

黑土区小流域土壤氮素空间分布及主控因素研究

在经典统计学和地统计学的基础上,结合"3S"技术,对黑土区海沟河小流域土壤表层(0~20 cm)中全氮(TN)、碱解氮(AN)的空间变异、分布特征及主控因素进行深入探讨.结果表明:海沟河小流域土壤TN含量处于较高水平,AN含量为中等水平;TN和AN的变程分别为900 m和1282 m,其空间变异均受地形、成土母质等结构性要素影响较大,在东-西(E-W)方向的空间变异相对剧烈;TN含量与坡度等地形指标显著性相关,AN含量与高程等地形要素显著性相关;回归协同克里格插值结果显示,TN自东向西呈现"高-低"交替的带状格局,与土地利用方式在东西方向上的演替相近,AN的高值在东部山区,低值在中部旱地分布集中的区域,呈现"两边高,中间低"的特征;水系、居民点等环境要素对TN和AN的空间分布存在明显的作用距离,土地利用方式及坡位对TN和AN含量分布影响显著,且存在较大差异.     

Beyond water data: benefits to volunteers and to local water from a citizen science program

Survey results of citizen science water data collection volunteers are presented, indicating personal benefits (e.g., being in nature, helping local water quality), and suggesting potential long-term benefits of improved watershed health (e.g., behavior change). These results can inform citizen science program development and contribute to watershed planners’ understanding of the broad benefits of such programs. We suggest that respondents’ positive feelings toward the watershed's major river and desire to learn about science and nature are place-specific elements that watershed and citizen science program managers could utilize in program development. Moreover, we explore the potential of social diffusion and behavior change and suggest the need for further research in these areas. We conclude that citizen science has potential not just as a means to collect large amounts of data (cheaply), but as a means to engage citizens to make environmentally friendly decisions.     

Groundwaters at Risk: Wetland Loss Changes Sources,Lengthens Pathways,and Decelerates Rejuvenation of Groundwater Resources

Wetland loss alters the hydrology of wetlandscapes in poorly understood ways. To quantify the effects of wetland loss on subsurface hydrology, a physically based hydrologic model that simulates the timing and pathways of subsurface hydrologic connections was coupled with wetland inventories over a 50‐year period during which substantial wetland loss occurred. The model revealed, based on vertical variations in saturated hydraulic conductivities, wetland loss of different degrees led to a contraction of catchment contributing areas to local surface waters but an expansion of contributing areas to the regional surface water body. This shift in groundwater contributing areas reflected (1) a decrease in baseflow contribution to the local surface water bodies, and (2) an increase in the transit time and length of subsurface hydrologic connections with an associated increase in the magnitude and age of baseflow discharging to the regional surface water body. The model also showed regions with thick permeable aquifers were particularly sensitive to the loss of wetlands. Our ability to predict these changes in hydrology of the watershed provides important support for designing science‐based policies to promote sustainable water resource management.     

Reduced Soil Macropores and Forest Cover Reduce Warm‐Season Baseflow below Ecological Thresholds in the Upper Delaware River Basin

We examined the impacts of changes in land cover and soil conditions on the flow regime of the upper Delaware River Basin using the Water Availability Tool for Environmental Resources. We simulated flows for two periods, c. 1600 and 1940, at three sites using the same temperature and precipitation conditions: the East Branch, West Branch, and mainstem Delaware River at Callicoon, New York. The 1600 period represented pristine forest and soils. The 1940 period included reduced forest cover, increased agriculture, and degraded soils with reduced soil macropore fractions. A model‐sensitivity test examined the impact of soil macropore and land cover change separately. We assessed changes in flow regimes between the 1600 and 1940 periods using a variety of flow statistics, including established ecological limits of hydrologic alteration (ELOHA) thresholds. Reduced forest soil macropore fraction significantly reduced summer and fall baseflows. The 1940 period had significantly lower Q50 flows (50% exceedance) than the 1600 period, as well as summer and fall Q90 and Q75–Q90 flows below the ELOHA thresholds. The one‐ to seven‐day minimum flows were also lower for the 1940 period, by 17% on the mainstem. 1940 flows were 6% more likely than the 1600 period to fall below the low‐flow threshold for federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon) habitat. In contrast, the 1940 period had higher flows than the 1600 period from late fall to early winter.     

流域系统优化调控的新模型与应用

流域系统具有复合性和非线性特征,其机理过程的数值描述本身也存在随机和认知不确定性.在此前提下,如何优化调控流域系统,实现水质改善和水生态系统健康成为当前水资源、水环境及水生态领域亟待解决的突出问题.本文提出了贝叶斯递归回归树模型和区间不确定性的风险决策分析方法,与强化区间线性规划结合形成了新的不确定性＂模拟-优化＂间接耦合模型,实现流域系统优化调控及风险决策方案.上述方法将应用于美国佛杰尼亚州Chesterfield县Swift Creek水库营养盐TMDL分配方案,确定8个子流域的最小负荷分配以实现叶绿素a浓度达标.结果表明该耦合模型既能表征流域系统特征,也能兼顾不确定性模拟的准确度、计算效率以及不确定性优化与风险决策的解空间全局最优性、绝对可行性,为流域系统优化调控及其未来非线性系统的预测与最优控制提供了新的计算工具.     

洱海流域湖泊生态系统健康综合评价与比较

基于2009年5月对洱海及其流域内的海西海、茨碧湖和西湖3个小型湖泊的水环境和浮游生物的调查,采用生态系统健康指数(EHI)和营养状态指数(TSI)法对其生态系统健康状态进行定量综合评价.结果表明:洱海流域湖泊整体处于富营养状态,健康状态较差;各湖泊健康状态存在空间差异:海西海和茨碧湖生态系统健康状态为中等,西湖和洱海健康状态为较差;而洱海湖泊内健康状态同样存在空间差异,北部和中部深水区较其他区域健康状态好.2种评价方法比较表明:洱海流域湖泊属于营养盐和生物量基本上呈正相关的响应型生态系统,生态系统健康指数(EHI)适用于洱海流域的生态系统健康评价.此外,整理分析洱海浮游生物历史数据,同样采用EHI法评价得出近20年来洱海生态系统健康状态呈逐渐恶化趋势,尤其1997年健康状态最差.     

滇池流域套作玉米对蔬菜农田地表径流污染流失特征的影响

采用田间小区试验,在自然降雨条件下,对滇池流域蔬菜(豌豆、西葫芦、马铃薯)单作与玉米套作蔬菜两种种植模式下农田地表径流的产生量与径流污染(TN、TP、COD、SS)的浓度进行了分析研究.结果表明:蔬菜单作和玉米套作蔬菜种植模式下地表径流量分别为94.7～128.9m·3hm-2和52.6～76.4m·3hm-2.蔬菜单作种植模式下地表径流中TN、TP、COD和SS浓度分别为10.6～35.8、0.79～3.23、54.6～224.1和35.0～478.3mg·L-1,流失量分别为1.74～2.39、0.18～0.26、7.71～10.59和10.4～21.7kg·hm-2;地表径流TP流失量以马铃薯单作模式最大,其余径流污染流失量以豌豆单作种植模式最大.玉米与蔬菜套作种植模式下地表径流中TN、TP、COD和SS浓度分别为11.7～23.8、0.23～3.54、26.5～222.1和49.7～541.3mg·L-1,流失量分别为0.82～1.22、0.10～0.16、4.17～6.03和8.71～12.6kg·hm-2;地表径流污染流失量均以玉米套作西葫芦种植模式最小.玉米套作蔬菜种植模式显著减少蔬菜农田地表径流量和径流污染流失,对地表径流量、地表径流TN、TP、COD和SS流失量的最大削减率分别为44.5%、53.1%、46.4%、52.1%和42.2%.