南亚高压对四川盆地夏季区域持续性O3污染的影响

基于2015~2020年四川盆地臭氧（O₃）浓度监测数据,构建O₃区域性持续性污染过程个例库,并进一步时空匹配高低空气象资料,探究夏季南亚高压系统对四川盆地地面气象要素及O₃污染生成的影响机制.结果表明：（1）2015~2018年四川盆地O₃区域性持续性污染（ORPP）逐年加重,2018~2020年保持相对稳定的污染态势,且ORPP多集中于春、夏两季.盆地中南部成都、重庆、泸州等城市O₃污染形势最为严峻,且高值区逐渐向南北方向转移.（2）基于南亚高压（系统存在率、中心离散度与东西振荡量）对地面气象要素的影响阐释ORPP的生成机制：系统存在率均值偏低且位置偏东时,平均气温、气温日较差及日照时数偏高,相对湿度偏低,利于O₃生成;南亚高压东模态中心显著聚集时,气温日较差与日照时数激增,易造成O₃异常高值;西模态剧烈振荡时,气温日较差、日照时数及相对湿度改变,易使O₃浓度波动.（3）对比清洁期与污染期,南亚高压系统存在率、中心离散度与东西振荡量综合作用于清洁期,而污染期则主要受中心离散度与东西振荡量影响.当南亚高压西模态剧烈振荡与东模态显著聚集配合出现时,极易诱发四川盆地内ORPP二级过程.     

沙尘气溶胶的跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区大气环境的影响

基于全球大气环流模式CAM3.1对2002—2003年模拟的全球沙尘气溶胶分布及其变化的评估,通过去除东亚沙漠(局地源)的敏感性模拟试验来分析北非、阿拉伯和中亚地区沙漠区(外部源)的沙尘气溶胶跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区大气沙尘气溶胶的贡献.结果表明,受到大气沙尘气溶胶的跨亚欧大陆传输的影响,东亚以外沙尘源对青藏高原大气贡献率最大,对我国北方干旱半干旱地区大气贡献率最小,对中国南方地区和日韩及邻近的西北太平洋地区大气贡献率基本相当.东亚地区秋(冬)季大气受到东亚以外沙尘源的影响最弱(强).我国北方干旱半干旱地区近地层大气沙尘气溶胶的外源贡献率秋季最小(约5%),冬季最大(约30%).青藏高原冬季60%~80%的近地面大气沙尘气溶胶来自东亚以外的沙漠区,而在秋季则只有约20%~60%.外源对东亚大气沙尘气溶胶柱浓度和对近地面大气沙尘气溶胶的影响具有基本一致的季节特征,但对柱浓度的贡献率一般偏大10%~40%.沙尘气溶胶跨亚欧大陆传输对东亚地区的影响主要集中在2~6 km的自由对流层.随对流层高度的增加东亚各地区外源贡献率均增加.青藏高原地区以年平均对流层沙尘气溶胶外源贡献率62%~81%成为东亚地区最大的影响区域.     

Action-Oriented Support for Occupational Safety and Health Programs in Some Developing Countries in Asia

Action-oriented support programs have been increasingly playing vital roles in promoting safety and health in developing countries in Asia. This paper studied achievements of 3 action-oriented support programs: the WISE program for small enterprises, the WIND program for farmers, and the POSITIVE program for workers and trade unions. Special attention was paid to how the programs have strengthened local efforts for sustainable actions in safety and health improvements. The results showed that there were significant achievements in action-oriented support programs in the region, including a large number of improvement examples, integration into government policies, and network support through employers’ and workers’ organizations. Participatory, action-oriented training tools such as action-checklists, local good example photos, and group work methods played key roles in the effective implementation of the programs. It was of note that there were a number of local efforts to extend the coverage of action-oriented support even to hard-to-reach workers such as home-based workers, rural workers, and ethnic minorities. The efforts included the equal participation in the training by female and male farmers, shortened and weekend training programs, photo sheets showing local good examples, and reasonable fee collection for better sustainability. In conclusion, action-oriented support programs provided local people with concrete means to promote safety and health improvements. The successful programs commonly focused on local initiatives and were built on local wisdom and resources.     

Size and elemental composition of dry-deposited particles during a severe dust storm at a coastal site of Eastern China

Dry-deposited particles were collected during the passage of an extremely strong dust storm in March, 2010 at a coastal site in Qingdao(36.15°N, 120.49°E), a city located in Eastern China. The size, morphology, and elemental composition of the particles were quantified with a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray instrument(SEM–EDX). The particles appeared in various shapes, and their size mainly varied from 0.4to 10 μm, with the mean diameters of 0.5, 1.5, and 1.0 μm before, during, and after the dust storm, respectively. The critical size of the mineral particles settling on the surface in the current case was about 0.3–0.4 μm before the dust storm and about 0.5–0.7 μm during the dust storm. Particles that appeared in high concentration but were smaller than the critical size deposited onto the surface at a small number flux. The elements Al, Si and Mg were frequently detected in all samples, indicating the dominance of mineral particles. The frequency of Al in particles collected before the dust storm was significantly lower than for those collected during and after the dust storm. The frequencies of Cl and Fe did not show obvious changes, while those of S, K and Ca decreased after the dust arrival. These results indicate that the dust particles deposited onto the surface were less influenced by anthropogenic pollutants in terms of particle number.     

石羊河流域降水稳定同位素变化的区域差异

为了了解干旱内陆河流域降水稳定同位素变化过程及其影响因素,基于石羊河流域荒漠区、绿洲区和山区8个站点2013年7月至2014年7月,497个降水样品氢氧稳定同位素数据及相应气象数据,研究了石羊河流域降水稳定同位素的时空变化、环境效应以及降水水汽来源.结果显示：石羊河流域局地大气水线斜率和截距表现出夏低冬高的变化趋势;降水稳定同位素表现出夏高冬低的变化趋势,从荒漠区、绿洲区到山区,稳定同位素值随海拔升高而降低,海拔效应为-0.22‰/100m,这是温度效应的另一种体现;流域降水稳定同位素表现出显著的温度效应,温度效应为0.43‰/℃,在天气尺度下受季风水汽和降水淋洗过程的影响表现出降水量效应;流域降水来源主要受西风水汽控制,夏季也会会受到季风水汽影响,冬季也受到极地气团影响.     

非溶解性危险化学品在内河中的泄漏扩散规律

为研究内陆河流运输中危险化学品(危化品)泄漏后的扩散规律,建立了一种数值模拟方法,利用地图软件获得地理信息,建立对应模型后进行数学计算。以长江南京段八卦洲北汊为例,模拟3 000 t级非溶解性危化品运输船舶的泄漏扩散过程,分析不同时刻危化品泄漏扩散的形态变化。模拟结果表明,泄漏后27.5 min时,泄漏团数量超过40个,最大泄漏团面积接近1 800 m²,次生事故风险显著增加。     

The simulation of long-range transport of ¹³⁷Cs from East Asia to Japan in 2002 and 2006

To evaluate the quantities of ¹³⁷Cs from past nuclear tests being transported to and deposited in Japan by naturally-occurring phenomena, the authors developed long-range transport models for ¹³⁷Cs considering Asian dust. The simulation using these models backed the observed recent increase of ¹³⁷Cs deposition along the coast of the Sea of Japan in early spring. For the sake of public safety, it is vital to ascertain whether an increase of radioactive deposition is caused by natural phenomena or a nuclear accident. The observations in recent years have suggested that dust and soil containing ¹³⁷Cs is transported from the regions around Inner Mongolia to Japan by the wind. In this paper, using observation data from the early spring of 2002 and 2006, the authors have found good agreement between the simulations and the measurements. The simulations reproduced the entrainment of ¹³⁷Cs and subsequent transport to Japan caused by strong winds associated with low pressure areas around the Inner Mongolian grasslands. The most likely cause of high-level ¹³⁷Cs deposition over northern Japan during March 2002 was ¹³⁷Cs associated with particles transported at low-altitude (1 km) and subjected to precipitation on the 22nd to 24th.     

中亚五国气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征研究

气溶胶时空变化是影响气溶胶气候效应不确定性的主要因素之一.在生态环境脆弱的中亚五国(哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦)研究气溶胶光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)的时空变化对中亚地区及全球生态环境和气候变化具有重要意义.基于2002-2019年MODIS 04_...     

南京及周边区域亚青期间大气监控预警走航观测研究

2013年8月,为了解亚青会期间南京及周边地区大气污染物的来源、时空分布和输送规律,江苏省环境监测中心联合中科院大气物理所等15家单位,开展了为期一个月的夏季联合观测,监测区域覆盖江苏沿江8市以及安徽部分地区。该次联合观测,江苏首次利用空气质量数值预报模式指导开展走航观测,实现了动静、水平与垂直相结合的立体式巡航观测,并初步揭示了现阶段江苏省大气污染主要特征,观测结果直接服务于亚青空气质量会商,为保障南京市空气质量提供技术支撑,同时为2014青奥会空气质量保障积累经验。