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81.
Secondary containment (bunds, drip trays, interceptors/sumps) is an integral part of many chemical, petrochemical, as well as agricultural, food and pharmaceutical facilities. Bunds are the built-in cases for accidental liquid substance spillage where there is a hazard that a substance could leak into the surroundings and the potential of health or environmental damage. The authors focus on the cases installed in large-volume atmospheric tanks storing hazardous chemicals in liquid form, where the bund failure occurred. In the first part of the study, a database of these accidents was created, numbering a total of 15 items. Attention was paid to the course of the accident, its causes and consequences. Several basic representative scenarios of bund failure have also been developed. The second part of the study is devoted mainly to the measures against the bund failure, such as risk assessment, technical and organizational measures. The aim of this study is to provide readers (including experts in the field of safety engineering, maintenance experts and building designers) with the information that can subsequently be used in the risk assessment of bund failure, possibly also for planning the construction of new bunds, or revitalization and maintenance of the existing ones. 相似文献
82.
本文介绍采用航空遥感技术和实地调查研究相结合的方法,分析了沈阳市烟囱数量、高度、密度以及高、中、低架烟囱的分布状况和特点,同时与大气污染监测结果对照分析了沈阳市煤烟型大气污染的规律及特点,研究了沈阳市烟囱分布对大气污染的影响。最后,提出了沈阳市燃煤污染的防治途径。 相似文献
83.
Dragana??or?evi?Email author Drubavka?Radmanovi? Aleksandra?Mihajlidi-Zeli? Mila?Ili? Petar?Pfendt Zorka?Vukmirovi? Pedrag?Poli? 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2004,2(3):147-150
We applied statistical methods to the data of a 5-year sampling period to characterize the features of trace elements in airborne particulate matter at the South Adriatic Coast. The analysis of surface soil samples was also performed. The data were processed by cluster analysis, enrichment factor determination and receptor rose statistics. It is shown that the principal element association consists of Fe, Mn and Ti originating from surface material resuspension. Hg and Se were shown to originate from more complex natural and anthropogenic processes. A strong emission source of Cd and Se was identified in the SSE direction.Selected article from the Regional Symposium on Chemistry and Environment Krusevac, Serbia, June 2003, organized by Dr. Branimir Jovancicevic. 相似文献
84.
用核子微探针进行单个大气颗粒物的分析 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
本文对单个大气颗粒物进行了分析研究,用核子微探针对首钢地区单个大气颗粒物进行了扫描分析,用三维等高线法给出了各种元素在一群单个大气颗粒物中的二维分布。从一群单个大气颗粒物中各元素的二维分布可对首钢地区大气污染的特征及来源进行分析研究。 相似文献
85.
86.
Tov Elperin Nathan Kleeorin Michael A. Liberman Victor S. L’vov Igor Rogachevskii 《Environmental Fluid Mechanics》2007,7(2):173-193
A mechanism of formation of small-scale inhomogeneities in spatial distributions of aerosols and droplets associated with
clustering instability in the atmospheric turbulent flow is discussed. The particle clustering is a consequence of a spontaneous
breakdown of their homogeneous space distribution due to the clustering instability, and is caused by a combined effect of
the particle inertia and a finite correlation time of the turbulent velocity field. In this paper a theoretical approach proposed
in Elperin et al. (2002) Phys Rev E 66:036302 is further developed and applied to investigate the mechanisms of formation
of small-scale aerosol inhomogeneities in the atmospheric turbulent flow. The theory of the particle clustering instability
is extended to the case when the particle Stokes time is larger than the Kolmogorov time scale, but is much smaller than the
correlation time at the integral scale of turbulence. We determined the criterion of the clustering instability for the Stokes
number larger than 1. We discussed applications of the analyzed effects to the dynamics of aerosols and droplets in the atmospheric
turbulent flow. 相似文献
87.
本文介绍了成都市大气降尘放射性水平的监测结果。发现降尘中除有少量天然核素外,还尚存有以往大气层核试验释放的裂变核素90Sr和137Cs。平均年沉降量90Sr为102Bq·m-2·Y-1,137Cs为131Bq·m-2·Y-1。由大气90Sr和137Cs沉降所致公众辐射剂量为168μSr·a-1,是限值的2‰。所以,降尘中放射性造成的辐射影响是很小的。 相似文献
88.
纳米镍/铁和铜/铁双金属对四氯乙烯脱氯研究 总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7
以实验室合成的纳米双金属颗粒(Ni/Fe和Cu/Fe)为反应材料,对四氯乙烯(PCE)进行脱氯试验研究.纳米金属颗粒(直径范围在1~100nm)比表面积比微米级铁颗粒高数十倍.结果表明,纳米Ni/Fe和Cu/Fe对四氯乙烯有明显的脱氯作用,且脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程;在作为还原剂的铁表面镀上一薄层起催化作用的金属Ni或Cu,催化剂的存在大大降低脱氯反应活化能,提高了脱氯速率,并减少氯代副产物的产量.与零价铁及微米级双金属系统(Ni/Fe,Cu/Fe)相比,纳米颗粒对PCE的脱氯速率有明显提高,尤其是纳米Ni/Fe,标准化反应速率常数KSA为4.283 mL·m-2·h-1,分别比零价铁和微米级Ni/Fe系统快33.23倍和11.59倍.纳米Cu/Fe标准化反应速率常数KSA为1.194 mL·m-2·h-1,分别比零价铁和微米级Cu/Fe双金属系统快9.26倍和5.24倍.在相同条件下,纳米Ni/Fe脱氯速率常数KSA是纳米Cu/Fe的3.59倍. 相似文献
89.
Takayuki Kameda Koji Inazu Yoshiharu Hisamatsu Norimichi Takenaka Hiroshi Bandow 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2006,40(40):7742-7751
The formation of mutagenic nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) 1- and 2-nitrotriphenylene (1- and 2-NTP) via gas-phase OH or NO3 radical-initiated reactions of triphenylene was demonstrated for the first time using a flow reaction system. In contrast with the results of conventional electrophilic nitration, 2-NTP was formed in larger yield than 1-NTP, but this is consistent with the mechanism proposed for gas-phase radical-initiated nitration of PAH. In diesel exhaust particle (DEP) samples, both 1- and 2-NTP were identified and their concentrations determined, as well as 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), which is a representative combustion-derived NPAH: the mean concentrations of 1-NTP, 2-NTP, and 1-NP were 4.7, 1.9, and 32 pmol mgDEP–1, respectively. The mean 2-NTP/1-NTP, 1-NTP/1-NP, and 2-NTP/1-NP ratios in samples of airborne particles collected in a residential area in Osaka, Japan, were>1.55,<0.25, and 0.37, respectively; these values are much higher than those of the DEP samples. This finding indicates that there is another source for airborne NTPs, especially 2-NTP, apart from diesel exhaust. These results strongly suggest that airborne NTPs originate from atmospheric processes such as radical-initiated reactions of triphenylene, and this has a significant influence on the atmospheric occurrence of NTPs. 相似文献
90.
Takayuki Kameda Satoshi Sanukida Koji Inazu Yoshiharu Hisamatsu Yasuaki Maeda Norimichi Takenaka Hiroshi Bandow 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2004,38(40):6937-6945
The association of the direct-acting mutagenicity of soluble organic fraction of airborne particles toward Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 strain with the direct emission was investigated at a roadside and at a residential area in Osaka, Japan. The direct-acting mutagenicity was evaluated as mutagenic activity per unit volume of ambient air (rev m−3) and/or that per airborne particulate weight collected on a filter (rev mg−1). The annual or diurnal changes of the mutagenicity of airborne particles at the residential site showed similar patterns to those of some gaseous pollutants such as NO2 and SO2, which were emitted from combustion processes. This result indicates that the mutagenicity is mainly attributable to the primary emissions. From the analysis of the relationship between the wind sector and the mutagenic intensity, rev m−3 and rev mg−1 values were strongly affected by the emissions from the fixed sources and from the mobile sources, respectively. The rev m−3 value and concentration of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) in unit per m3 at the roadside were a factor of 2.6 and 2.8 higher than those at the residential site, respectively, but the rev mg−1 value and concentration of 1-NP in unit per mg at the roadside were substantially comparable to those at the residential area. These observations suggest that the characteristics of the airborne particles can be attributed to the automotive emissions even at the suburban area. 相似文献