Trimethylbenzoic acids as metabolite signatures in the biogeochemical evolution of an aquifer contaminated with jet fuel hydrocarbons

Evolution of trimethylbenzoic acids in the KC-135 aquifer at the former Wurtsmith Air Force Base (WAFB), Oscoda, MI was examined to determine the functionality of trimethylbenzoic acids as key metabolite signatures in the biogeochemical evolution of an aquifer contaminated with JP-4 fuel hydrocarbons. Changes in the composition of trimethylbenzoic acids and the distribution and concentration profiles exhibited by 2,4,6- and 2,3,5-trimethylbenzoic acids temporally and between multilevel wells reflect processes indicative of an actively evolving contaminant plume. The concentration levels of trimethylbenzoic acids were 3-10 orders higher than their tetramethylbenzene precursors, a condition attributed to slow metabolite turnover under sulfidogenic conditions. The observed degradation of tetramethylbenzenes into trimethylbenzoic acids obviates the use of these alkylbenzenes as non-labile tracers for other degradable aromatic hydrocarbons, but provides rare field evidence on the range of high molecular weight alkylbenzenes and isomeric assemblages amenable to anaerobic degradation in situ. The coupling of actual tetramethylbenzene loss with trimethylbenzoic acid production and the general decline in the concentrations of these compounds demonstrate the role of microbially mediated processes in the natural attenuation of hydrocarbons and may be a key indicator in the overall rate of hydrocarbon degradation and the biogeochemical evolution of the KC-135 aquifer.     

Emissions from RDF/coal blended fuel combustion

The significant volume and weight reduction along with the energy potential of MSW, in the form of refuse derived fuel (RDF), has made its incineration an attractive alternative. However, the gaseous emissions such as, CO₂, CO, NO_x and SO₂, which are the byproduct of the combustion process pose serious environmental problems. These problems are compounded by the presence of certain highly regulated hazardous wastes such as, dioxins and furans in the exhaust stream. In the present investigation, different compositions of RDF/Coal blends were examined and the gaseous emissions from the combustion of the briquetted fuel were measured. Also, a direct comparison of emissions from RDF/coal blend incineration with coal combustion is presented in this paper. The potential for recovery of ferrous and non- ferrous metals provides an additional economic motivation for the use of RDF/Coal blended briquettes.     

满足国五排放标准的柴油甲醇双燃料发动机非常规排放研究

在一台装备有电控单体泵增压中冷系统柴油机的进气管上,加装甲醇喷射装置并向进气道喷入定量的纯甲醇,结合废气再循环(EGR)技术并使用氧化催化转化器(DOC)组合微粒氧化催化器(POC)后处理系统,使其常规排放能满足国五排放法规基础上,全面研究了柴油甲醇双燃料(Diesel Methanol Dual Fuel,DMDF)发动机的非常规排放特性.在采用国五排放法规标准规定的ESC(稳态13点工况)测试方法条件下,利用FTIR(傅里叶变换红外检测法)对DMDF发动机的检测结果表明:该机非常规排放物主要为甲醇、甲醛、1,3-丁二烯、苯、甲苯和SO2,非常规排放物的全工况加权比排放为19.532 g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),其中,甲醇的全工况加权比排放为11.395 g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),甲醛的全工况加权比排放为5.927g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),SO2的全工况加权比排放为0.053 g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),其余排放物为痕量水平.在催化氧化装置处理后非常规排放物全工况加权比排放为0.115 g·kW~(-1)·h~(-1),降幅为99.41%.催化氧化装置对甲醇、1,3-丁二烯、苯和甲苯的消除率为100%,对甲醛的消除率为99.04%.     

包装废弃物添加脱氯半焦制备SRF的热解及动力学特性

利用热重红外分析仪(TG-FTIR)对包装废弃物添加了4种不同比例脱氯半焦制备而成的固体衍生燃料(SRF)的热解特性及热反应动力学进行了研究分析.研究发现,4种燃料热解过程主要包括4个阶段,其中300~400℃和400~500℃为两个主要失重阶段.前一阶段,SRF-1失重显著高于SRF-2、SRF-3和SRF-4,而后一阶段失重分别呈2、3、4倍增加.4种燃料热解残余量的顺序为SRF-4SRF-3SRF-2SRF-1,即添加了脱氯半焦的燃料热解程度越高.FTIR分析表明,添加了脱氯半焦的SRF燃料第三失重峰处不产生氯代烃.随脱氯半焦添加量的增加,第二失重峰CO2产生的浓度减少;第三失重峰CH4析出浓度增加;第四失重峰CO2析出的浓度增加.采用DEAM分布活化能法得到,转化率α0.3时,SRF-2和SRF-3的活化能均高于SRF-1的活化能,0.3α0.9时(α为0.6时除外),SRF-2、SRF-3和SRF-4 3种燃料的活化能低于SRF-1,且SRF-1的活化能呈升高的趋势,而其他3种燃料呈相反趋势.脱氯半焦的添加有利于SRF燃料的热解.     

BED含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机PM和NOx排放的影响

为研究生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(简称为BED)含氧燃料在不同海拔下对柴油机微粒(PM)和氮氧化物(NO_x)排放的影响,在一台高压共轨柴油机上分别燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料,在两种大气压力(81和100 k Pa)下进行了排放试验研究.结果表明,燃用纯柴油和B15E5(15%生物柴油+5%乙醇+80%柴油,体积比)燃料后,在中、低负荷时的PM排放在高气压下基本高于低气压下,最高增幅分别达到26.2%和19.0%;在全负荷时的PM排放在高气压下降低,最高降幅分别达到6.1%和17.0%.燃用B25E5(25%生物柴油+5%乙醇+70%柴油,体积比)燃料后,PM排放在高气压下降低.燃用纯柴油后,柴油机在高气压下的NO_x排放低于低气压下;燃用B15E5和B25E5含氧燃料后,在中、低负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下降低,在全负荷下的NO_x排放在高气压下升高.在中、低负荷下NO_x排放最高降幅分别达到12.1%和15.3%;在全负荷下,NO_x排放最高增幅分别达到6.5%和5.8%.在不同大气压力下,柴油机燃用纯柴油和BED含氧燃料后,PM与NO_x排放均呈现明显的trade-off关系.相比于在低气压下,随负荷增加引起的PM排放降幅和NO_x排放增幅在高气压下增加.     

垃圾衍生燃料灰渣中主要元素变化的研究

以垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)为研究对象,在600~1100℃条件下灼烧RDF灰渣,对灰渣中的主要元素变化情况进行分析.研究结果表明,RDF灰渣中主要元素包括硅、氧、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、碳、硫、氯、磷、钛、锌等;灰渣中的可溶盐倾向富集在≤0.3 mm的灰渣颗粒上;在600~1000℃范围内,其总量处于动态平衡,在1100℃则大幅度减少.随着温度的上升,碳转化为二氧化碳气体;硫元素转化为硫酸盐,随后部分再转化为二氧化硫气体;氯元素转化为以氯化钠和氯化钾为主的氯化盐,在达到一定温度时发生相变转化为气体.硅、氧、铝、钙、镁、磷等元素留存于废渣中,随着温度提高,发生复合化学反应,相互键接形成复合硅酸盐物质.     

单室MFC型生物毒性传感器对重金属离子的检测研究

构建了单室微生物燃料电池(air-cathode microbial fuel cell,ACMFC)型生物毒性传感器,以含重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+)人工配水为检测对象,分析了有毒物质对检测仪的抑制率与有毒物质浓度的线性关系.结果表明,①单室MFC型生物毒性传感器结构简单,操作方便,灵敏度较高,可用于水体重金属离子(Cd2+、Cu2+)生物毒性的快速检测;②在实验条件下,该生物毒性传感器检测时间4h,清洗时间2～10min,恢复时间4h;③检测结果显示,实验室自配Cd2+、Cu2+及其混合液IC20值分别为0.6、0.8和0.25mg/L,有毒物质浓度与MFC产电量的抑制率呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.9960、0.9744和0.9907.     

Influence of driving cycles on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of gasoline passenger car in Bangkok

The influence of different driving cycles on their exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rate of gasoline passenger car was investigated in Bangkok based on the actual measurements obtained from a test vehicle driving on a standard chassis dynamometer. A newly established Bangkok driving cycle (BDC) and the European driving cycle (EDC) which is presently adopted as the legislative cycle for testing automobiles registered in Thailand were used. The newly developed BDC is constructed using the driving characteristic data obtained from the real on-road driving tests along selected traffic routes. A method for selecting appropriate road routes for real driving tests is also introduced. Variations of keyed driving parameters of BDC with different driving cycles were discussed. The results showed that the HC and CO emission factors of BDC are almost two and four times greater than those of EDC, respectively. Although the difference in the NOx emission factor is small, the value from BDC is still greater than that of EDC by 10%. Under BDC, the test vehicle consumes fuel about 25% more than it does under EDC. All these differences are mainly attributed to the greater proportion of idle periods and higher fluctuations of vehicle speed in the BDC cycle. This result indicated that the exhausted emissions and fuel consumption of vehicles obtained from tests under the legislative modal-type driving cycle (EDC) are significantly different from those actually produced under real traffic conditions especially during peak periods.     

辅助燃料对垃圾熔融炉炉温影响的分析研究

文章计算了在不同焦炭加入量及不同焦炭和煤的配比条件下处理城市生活垃圾时气化熔融炉的炉温。计算结果表明,用焚烧法处理重庆市的生活垃圾时,在常温鼓风条件下,要使垃圾灰渣完全熔融,焦炭配比至少应在42％以上;在一定的条件下,可以用煤部分或全部代替焦炭,同时配以高温鼓风,可使炉温达到并超过垃圾灰渣的熔融温度,从而使得垃圾灰渣熔融。     

从废水中回收沼气能及氢能与电能

厌氧发酵制沼气、厌氧发酵制氢和微生物燃料电池技术是利用微生物在废水处理的同时回收能源的三种主要方式。文章结合相关研究现状,介绍了这三种技术的基本原理及其在废水处理领域的发展状况和展望,并对三种生物能源进行了比较。