The effects of climate warming on microbe-mediated mechanisms of sediment carbon emission

Due to significant differences in biotic and abiotic properties of soils compared to those of sediments, the predicted underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms of soil carbon emissions in response to warming may not be applicable for estimating similar emissions from inland water sediments. We addressed this issue by incubating different types of sediments, (including lake, small river, and pond sediments) collected from 36 sites across the Yangtze River basin, under short-term experimental warming to explore the effects of climate warming on sediment carbon emission and the underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms. Our results indicated that under climate warming CO₂ emissions were affected more than CH₄ emissions, and that pond sediments may yield a greater relative contribution of CO₂ to total carbon emissions than lake and river sediments. Warming-induced CO₂ and CH₄ increases involve different microbe-mediated mechanisms; Warming-induced sediment CO₂ emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network modularity, which was significantly negatively affected by the quality and quantity of organic carbon and warming-induced variations in dissolved oxygen, Conversely, warming-induced sediment CH₄ emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network complexity, which was significantly negatively affected by warming-induced variations in pH. Our findings suggest that biotic and abiotic drivers for sediment CO₂ and CH₄ emissions in response to climate warming should be considered separately when predicting sediment organic carbon decomposition dynamics resulting from climate change.     

水库浅水区底泥营养物质释放与藻类生长关系研究

采用围格试验,通过对自然条件下的水库浅水区底泥及上覆水体的模拟,研究了水库浅水区底泥营养物质的释放规律及其与藻类生长的关系。结果表明:水库浅水区底泥营养物质在第10天开始释放,在第17天出现峰值,营养物质的释放会加速藻类的生长;改变底泥原始上覆水的水质条件,低浓度的原始上覆水可加速底泥营养物质的释放,同时藻类出现峰值的时间晚于高浓度的上覆水;雨季的到来可以加速底泥中P的释放,进而加速藻类的爆发,特别是绿藻爆发;藻类爆发前期,p H和溶解氧均会升高并出现峰值。     

重庆市主城区排水管道沉积物性质研究

为了解重庆市主城区排水管道沉积物的性质,调研和采集了生活区、交通区、文教区、商业广场等不同功能区的排水管道沉积物,分析了沉积物的粒径、密度、有机物含量(VSS/TSS)和污染物含量等指标,研究了不同功能区沉积物的差异.结果表明:不同功能区排水管道沉积有不同的理化性质,沉积物的粒径,交通区>文教区>商业广场>居住区.沉积物的密度与有机物含量(VSS/TSS)呈负相关(R2=0.998).沉积物污染物含量空间分异性显著,COD含量,文教区>居住区>商业广场>交通区.TN和TP含量,文教区>商业广场>居住区>交通区,与街尘相比,TP呈现显著富集特点.对于重金属含量,交通区显著高于其他3个功能区,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 最大值分别为303.5、539、104、1.14mg/kg.     

菲的淡水沉积物环境预测无效应浓度推导

近年来PAHs(多环芳烃)因其持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性而备受关注. 菲是我国沉积物中普遍检出的一种优控PAHs,具有独特的“K”区和“湾”区结构,常作为研究PAHs环境效应的模式化合物. 以菲为研究对象,搜集、整理其对我国本土水生生物的急、慢性毒性数据,运用TGD(欧盟风险评价技术导则文件)推荐的平衡分配法,推导菲的淡水PNEC_sed(沉积物环境预测无效应浓度,以干质量计). 结果表明:共获得4门7科的17个急性毒性数据和5门7科的10个慢性毒性数据;物种敏感性分析显示,鱼类对菲较为敏感. 采用平衡分配法推导菲的淡水PNEC_sed为256.9 μg/kg,该值可为我国水体沉积物中菲的生态风险评价提供参考.比较结果显示,我国大部分淡水沉积物中实测w(菲)未超过PNEC_sed,其生态风险较小;巢湖和黄河兰州段个别采样点的w(菲)超过菲的淡水PNEC_sed,分别是菲的淡水PNEC_sed的1.02和3.23倍,高w(菲)可能会对水生生物造成危害.      

AVS-SEM relationships and potential bioavailability of trace metals in sediments from the Southeastern Mediterranean sea,Egypt

In risk assessment of aquatic sediments, much attention is paid to the difference between acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) as indicators of metal bioavailability. Distribution of AVS and SEM (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in 20 representative sampling sites collected along the Egyptian Mediterranean coast. Total SEM concentration [ΣSEM] ranged from 0.012 to 0.241 μmoleg^?1. AVS concentrations were much more variable, showing significant spatial variations. The values ranged from 0.015 to 31.326 μmoleg^?1. The different relationships between AVS and SEM to establish mechanical models such as the ratio of ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM/AVS], the difference between the ΣSEM and AVS [ΣSEM–AVS], or the organic carbon normalised difference between SEM and AVS [ΣSEM-AVS]/f_oc models were used as parameters to evaluate potential bioavailability. Considering SEM/AVS model, sediments at the Western Harbour, Eastern Harbour, Ras El-Burr, El-Gamil East, and Port Said stations are occasionally toxic, while according to SEM-AVS model, no indication of associated adverse toxic effect would occur at any of the sampling sites. Calculated [ΣSEM-AVS]/f_oc was<130 μmoleg^?1 in the sediments indicating that sediments should pose a low risk of adverse biological effects owing to cadmium, copper, lead, nickel and zinc. Association of adverse effects to aquatic organisms was determined, using the classification of the sediments according to the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs). The marine Threshold Effect Levels (TEL) and Probable Effect Levels (PEL) were used in this work and in order to obtain a more realistic measure of predicted toxicity, mean PEL quotients (PELq) were calculated. The mean PELq calculated for the sampling sites was (0.11–1.5) and categorised as slightly toxic at all stations except Baghoush, Nobarreya and western harbour, which had PELq<0.1 and categorised as non-toxic. The obtained data concluded that the remobility and bioavailability of trace metals contained in surfacial sediments of the Egyptian Mediterranean coastal area are low.     

Degradation kinetics of butyltin compounds during the bioremediation of contaminated harbour sediments

The present study was aimed at the reclamation of harbour sediments contaminated with butyltin compounds (BTCs) by means of biostimulation and/or bioaugmentation experiments carried out in a 5-L slurry bioreactor. In the biostimulation experiment with inorganic nutrients, almost 50% of TBT was degraded in 20 weeks. In the bioaugmentation experiment with a microbial consortium, no significant degradation of TBT was observed. Conversely, bioaugmentation combined with biostimulation led to a decrease of ～50% in TBT after four weeks. A simple kinetic model fitted to the experimental data of BTC concentration allowed us to estimate that 10 weeks are needed to decrease BTC contamination by 90% using a strategy based on both biostimulation and bioaugmentation, and 29 weeks for a strategy using biostimulation only. Overall, our study indicates that strategies based on biostimulation coupled to bioaugmentation can be effective in significantly reducing the concentration of BTCs over relatively short timescales.     

沉积物中汞的甲基化研究进展

汞是环境中存在的一种重要污染物质,其毒性与之化学形态密切相关。环境中的汞主要以无机汞形态存在,然而无机汞可以通过甲基化作用转化为毒性更强的甲基汞,从而给受到暴露的生物及人类带来更高的健康风险。沉积物是汞在水生环境系统中的主要分布相,也是无机汞甲基化过程发生的主要场所。沉积物中汞的甲基化过程受到生物种类、汞的生物可利用性等生物因素及温度、含硫化合物、有机质、氧化还原条件等环境理化性质的影响。本文对汞在沉积物中甲基化过程的作用机制及其影响因素的研究现状及最新进展进行了总结,并对未来更深入的研究进行了展望。     

丹江口水库表层沉积物有机/无机磷形态特征

采用连续分级提取法研究了丹江口水库表层沉积物中有机磷和无机磷的形态及其赋存特征,同时结合间隙水体中溶解性总磷(DTP)的空间分布特征,讨论了各形态磷的生物可利用性及其释放风险.结果表明,丹江口水库沉积物中各形态磷均在入库河流处高于库区.各采样点沉积物总磷在203.08~1625.61mg/kg之间,平均值为642.51mg/kg,其中以无机磷为主,占总磷的52.9%.无机磷形态中生物可利用性差的Ca-P_i占优势,平均值为196.46mg/kg,占无机磷的57.8%;沉积物有机磷形态中活性最差的NA-P_o占绝对的优势,NA-P_o平均值为180.83mg/kg,占有机磷(OP)的59.7%. WA-P_i、PA-P_i、Fe/Al-P_i、WA-P_o、PA-P_o均与间隙水体DTP呈显著正相关(P < 0.05), Ca-P_i、MA-P_o、NA-Po与间隙水DTP相关性较差.入库河流沉积物生物可利用性磷含量及释放通量均较库区高,具有较高的释磷风险.     

海三棱藨草对崇明东滩沉积物磷素分布的影响

以海三棱藨草为例,运用实验模拟的方法,通过根际、近根和远根沉积物的对比分析,运用根际微生物作用理论,研究了大型植物对潮滩沉积物磷分布及迁移转化的影响。实验结果表明,海三棱藨草通过根系对磷的吸收和自身有机质降解,在沉积物里形成了水平的和垂直的浓度梯度,干扰了磷的正常累积和迁移。通过吸收,海三棱藨草对崇明东滩沉积物中磷的净化速率为16.7~46.1 mg·cm-2·d-1。     

铁锰在贵州阿哈湖沉积物中的分离

贵州阿哈湖 1982年扩容后 ,长期受到煤矿废水的污染 ,大量铁、锰元素随废水带入湖中 .研究发现 :主要来自酸性矿山废水的还原态溶解铁、锰离子在入湖向下游迁移过程中发生了显著地分离 .受岩溶地区湖泊较强的酸中和能力及近年人为石灰投放的影响 ,湖泊未被酸化 ,Fe²⁺,Mn²⁺在入湖运移过程中由于氧化速率的差异 ,在不同的湖区发生沉积 ,形成了铁、锰在水平迁移上的明显分离 ;锰在深湖区上层沉积物中富集现象明显 ,并在沉积深度上与铁形成垂向上的显著分离 .经过陆源校正 ,证实铁、锰在阿哈湖的显著分离的开始是对该湖扩容事件的响应 .扩容后下游沉积物中铁含量逐渐减少 ,孔隙水中溶解铁分布特征也指示铁还原作用主要发生在沉积物下层 ,表明铁在沉积后再迁移能力较弱 .锰还原过程则发生在上层沉积物中 ,再迁移能力很强 .本研究还提出了来自煤矿废水的Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺在入湖水平运移过程中 ,铁、锰逐步分离、富集以及在沉积深度上的分离模式 .