烟花燃放对珠三角地区春节期间空气质量的影响

为研究烟花爆竹燃放对珠三角区域城市空气质量的影响,对2015年春节期间珠三角地区环境空气质量自动监测站的数据进行了分析.结果表明,春节期间珠三角地区PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2和CO_污染最严重的城市均为肇庆市,臭氧污染最严重的为惠州,广州市NO_2污染最严重;与去年同期相比,各地SO_2、NO_2、CO_、PM10和PM_(2.5)的浓度普遍有大幅的降低,但春节期间臭氧浓度有所增加;春节期间烟花燃放行为主要集中在郊区,市区内燃放现象较少;烟花燃放对SO_2、PM10和PM_(2.5)浓度的短期影响极大,造成除夕夜间污染物浓度迅速升高,甚至成倍增加,对CO_、O_3和NO_2没有明显的影响;烟花燃放造成PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比例迅速下降,在颗粒物浓度达到峰值后,PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的比例也到达最小值;烟花燃放对各地PM_(2.5)的小时浓度最大贡献值在16~65μg·m~(-3)之间,对各地PM_(10)的小时浓度最大贡献值在28~138μg·m~(-3)之间,对各地SO_2的小时浓度最大贡献值在9~43μg·m~(-3)之间.     

柳林泉域岩溶地下水区域演化规律及控制因素

柳林泉是山西省著名的十大岩溶大泉之一,丰富的岩溶地下水资源对吕梁地区经济社会发展具有支撑作用,开展岩溶地下水化学演化规律及控制因素研究对于流域水资源可持续利用意义重大.本研究对补给区、径流区、排泄区、深埋区的29个岩溶地下水主要离子组分进行测试分析.结果表明,水温、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)质量浓度从补给区、到径流区、到排泄区、再到深埋区,随着径流途径增加不断升高. K~+、Na~+、Cl~-主要来源于盐岩的溶解;而Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)主要来源于方解石、白云石和石膏的溶解.受控于盐岩、石膏的不断溶解,Na~+、C~l-和SO_4~(2-)质量浓度增加幅度大,最大值分别为最小值的50、80和32倍;受去白云化作用的影响,Ca~(2+)、HCO3-质量浓度变化不大,最大值仅为最小值的2～3倍.在补给区、径流区,Na~+、Cl~-质量浓度较低,Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)、HCO_3~-为主要阴阳子,但在排泄区和深埋区,Cl~-、Na~+明显超过了HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+),成为最主要的阴阳离子;水化学类型由HCO_3-Ca·Mg型转化为HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Mg型和HCO_3·SO_4-Ca·Na·Mg型,最终演变为Cl·HCO_3-Na·Ca、Cl·HCO_3-Na型和Cl-Na·Ca型.     

嘉兴市春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对大气污染物分布特征的影响

为研究春节期间烟花爆竹的燃放对嘉兴市空气质量的影响,利用2015年春节期间嘉兴市3个监测站点的常规污染物(PM10、PM2.5、SO_2、NO_2、CO)和南湖区残联站的有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)数据,分析了烟花爆竹对嘉兴市不同功能区和不同空气质量条件下大气污染物的污染特征的影响.结果表明:春节烟花爆竹燃放显著影响PM10和PM2.5的浓度,残联站、清河小学和北部站在23日00∶00达最高值,PM10浓度分别为190、263和147μg·m~(-3),是非春节期间的2.2、2.8和2.1倍,PM2.5浓度分别高达156、158和78μg·m~(-3),是非春节期间的2.6、2.2和2.2倍.烟花爆竹燃放对污染气体的影响存在差异,对CO和SO_2的浓度影响较大,对NO_2和O_3的浓度影响较小.烟花爆竹燃放对嘉兴市老城区大气污染物的影响最大,其次是新城区,对工业区影响最小.污染源减排对大气污染物的影响比较大,2013—2015年嘉兴市春节期间大气污染物浓度(PM10、PM2.5、SO_2、NO_2、CO)整体要低于非春节期间,平均降幅在6.8%~46.1%之间.二次生成物O_3在春节期间的浓度均要高于非春节期间,增幅为20.1%~22.1%.不同空气质量条件下烟花爆竹的燃放对大气污染物的影响不同.     

Prenatal diagnosis of Hb H disease due to compound heterozygosity for South-East Asian deletion and Hb constant spring by polymerase chain reaction

A pregnant woman has two children affected by moderately severe Hb H disease due to compound heterozygosity of South-east Asian deletion and Constant Spring mutation. In her third pregnancy, transabdominal chorionic villus sampling was performed at the tenth gestational week to obtain fetal DNA. The polymerase chain reaction was used for detection of both the South-east Asian deletion and the Constant Spring mutation. Hb H disease was diagnosed in the fetus. After genetic counselling, the couple elected to have the pregnancy terminated.     

近40年长江中下游春季低温气候特征及影响研究

本文研究了近40a来我国长江中下游地区春季低温的气侯特征,同时给出了研究低温的定量指标,并就低温对早稻产量的影响进行了初步探讨。     

春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市空气质量的影响

基于2018年与2019年春节期间常规空气污染物数据、2019年细颗粒物PM_2.5中水溶性离子和OC/EC的化学组分数据，结合气象资料，分析了春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市空气质量的影响。结果表明：春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对海口市初一的空气质量影响较大，主要影响污染物为PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂，对NO₂、CO和O₃影响相对较小；实施烟花爆竹严格管控后空气质量明显改善，2019年除夕夜PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂质量浓度峰值较2018年分别下降67.4%、68.5%和66.7%；烟花爆竹集中燃放主要造成K⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺和SO₄^2-快速上升，其中K⁺影响最为显著，K⁺短时上升了16.21 μg/m³，增加17.01倍；对于NO₂^-、Na⁺、F^-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺等6种离子和OC/EC影响较小。     

春节期间南京气溶胶质量浓度和化学组成特征

为研究春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对城市大气气溶胶质量浓度和化学组成分布特征的影响,对南京市2012年1月19~31日大气气溶胶质量浓度和水溶性离子及重金属等化学成分进行了观测.结果表明:烟花爆竹的大量集中燃放可使PM1.0的浓度以15.5μg/(m3·h)的速率增长;并使得能见度以1.625km/h的速率急剧下降.质量浓度谱和水溶性离子谱在燃放期均为三峰型分布,在非燃放期为双峰型分布.燃放期PM2.1和PM1.1中的K+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-和Mg2+所占的比例比非燃放期升高了16%~38%,其他离子浓度变化不大.对于0.2~2.0μm的气溶胶,春节期间硝酸盐、含锌和含铜颗粒主要来自烟花爆竹燃放,含钾颗粒部分来自烟花爆竹燃放,含铅颗粒来自工业排放,烟花爆竹的燃放基本不产生硫酸盐颗粒.     

Towards carrying capacity assessment for aquaculture in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines: A numerical study of tidal circulation

The increase in intensive aquaculture production in the Bolinao Bay, Philippines reached the point of harmful influence to production stock. Up to the present, there has been no estimation of aquaculture carrying capacity which is based on quantification of processes responsible for (a) water quality inside the units, (b) impact to the seabed and (c) water quality in the whole Bolinao Bay. The numerical estimation of tidal circulation, which is the most dominant part of the hydrodynamical regime in the Bolinao Bay, represents an unavoidable step in the carrying capacity determination considering points (a), (b) and (c). The hydrodynamical model we apply is a free surface, 3D finite element tidal model, forced with sea elevation dynamics at three open boundaries. It incorporates an increase in bottom stress drag coefficients in the coral areas and advanced transport corrected advection scheme. The model simulations of water flow show good agreement with measured currents in the central part of the Bolinao Bay, southern and northeastern channel, while agreement in the areas in vicinity of northern channel is not as tight. In order to provide an insight into the water exchange in aquaculture units, to support local water quality models and seabed deposition models (points (a) and (b)), the area is mapped with neap tide mean, spring tide mean and 14-day mean current velocity contours. The highest 14-day mean velocities are attained in the southern channel (>17 cm s⁻¹), while the mean velocities characteristic for northern part (<6 cm s⁻¹) and shallow areas of coral reefs (<2 cm s⁻¹) are much lower. Area-mean difference between spring tide and 14-day mean velocities is estimated to be 18.32% (std=7.31%), while difference between neap tide and 14-day mean velocities is 17.62 % (std=11.19%). To support global basin-wide water quality models (point (c)), retention of water in the bay is estimated by Lagrangian and Eulerian calculation procedure of mean residence time field. Both calculations estimate the highest (no-wind) residence times (Lan: 25.4 days, Eul: 21.03 days) in the central northern part, but most of the area (Lan: 73.11%, Eul: 79.31%) is characterized by residence time values significantly lower than 15 days. The results are readily applicable for upcoming implementation in the models of local (aquaculture units, seabed) and basin-wide (Bolinao Bay) nutrient dynamics, primary and secondary production, organic matter decomposition and oxygen dynamics.     

2016年北京市春节大气颗粒物污染特征激光雷达监测分析

基于激光雷达大气颗粒物消光系数实时数据以及PM_2.5和PM₁₀自动在线监测数据对北京市2016年春节期间（2月7~13日）大气污染进行系统分析.除夕夜间受燃放烟花爆竹影响,大气颗粒物浓度在短时间内急剧攀升,市中心的官园站PM_2.5浓度最大值达到639.3 μg·m^-3,9 h内增长了近30倍,城郊的琉璃河站及定陵站颗粒物最大小时浓度均超过1000 μg·m^-3,显著高于市中心的官园站.初三至初五存在持续的颗粒物高浓度污染且城郊的颗粒物浓度均高于市中心.激光雷达的监测结果表明,除夕燃放时段内3个站点105 m处的消光系数显著高于405 m,呈现出明显的鞭炮燃放排放污染特征.3个站点的垂直消光特性存在显著差异,大气清洁时1.0 km下定陵、车公庄及琉璃河的背景极值分别为0.09、0.20和0.19 km^-1,2月8日00：00的消光系数最大值分别为0.23、1.36和1.19 km^-1,为同时刻同高度背景值的2.6倍、6.8倍和6.0倍,燃放烟花爆竹使得颗粒物的消光系数短时间内急剧增大.