城市污泥与园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对林地土壤微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

研究城市污泥和园林废弃物混合堆肥施用对土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)、微生物量氮(SMBN)及酶活性的影响,可为林地施用混合堆肥产品的安全及功效性评价提供科学依据.本研究采用大田试验,选取紫穗槐为研究对象,将污泥和园林废弃物以3种比例(GF(纯园林废弃物)、SGA(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶3)、SGB(V(污泥)∶V(园林废弃物)=1∶1))进行混合堆肥,每种堆肥产品分别按0、5、10、50 kg·株-1(分别记作CK、T5、T10、T50)均匀施入样地.施肥1年后,于田间采样测定土壤生物活性指标及理化性质,采用主成分分析及单、双因素方差分析法研究混合堆肥产品施用后对土壤酶活性及微生物量碳、氮含量的影响.结果表明:施入GF、SGA和SGB时,SMBC和SMBN均在施用量50 kg·株-1时达到最大.随着施用量的增加,土壤酶指数(SEI)总体上呈现逐步递增的趋势,施入GF、SGA、SGB时,各个施肥梯度处理的土壤酶指数较CK分别增加93.33%~186.67%、14.58%~54.17%、119.05%~204.76%.通过主成分分析,依据各处理综合得分情况,不同堆肥产品总体上表现为:SGBGFSGA.施入GF、SGA和SGB,不同处理综合得分均为T50T10T5CK.说明施用堆肥产品能够提高土壤微生物量,增加土壤酶活性,改善土壤的生物环境.     

Characterization of aircraft emissions and air quality impacts of an international airport

Beijing Capital International Airport(ZBAA) is the world's second busiest airport. In this study, the emissions of air pollutants from aircraft and other sources at ZBAA in 2015 were estimated using an improved method, which considered the mixing layer height calculated based on aircraft meteorological data relay(AMDAR), instead of using the height(915 m)recommended by ICAO. The yearly emissions of NO_x, CO, VOCs, SO_2, and PM_(2.5) at the airport were 8.76 × 10~3, 4.43 × 10~3, 5.43 × 10~2, 4.80 × 10~2, and 1.49 × 10~2 ton/year, respectively. The spatial–temporal distribution of aircraft emissions was systematically analyzed to understand the emission characteristics of aircraft. The results indicated that NOxwas mainly emitted during the take-off and climb phases, accounting for 20.5% and 55.5% of the total emissions. CO and HC were mainly emitted during the taxi phase, accounting for 91.6%and 92.2% of the total emissions. Because the mixing layer height was high in summer, the emissions of aircraft were at the highest level throughout the year. Based on the detailed emissions inventory, four seasons simulation using WRF-CMAQ model was performed over the domain surrounding the airport. The results indicated that the contribution to PM_(2.5) was relatively high in winter; the average impact was about 1.15 μg/m~3 within a radius of1 km around the airport. Meanwhile, the near surroundings and southwest areas of the airport are the most sensitive to PM_(2.5).     

APEC期间北京市PM_(2.5)时空分布与过程分析

运用Models-3/CMAQ模式系统,模拟分析了2014年11月3~11日APEC会议期间北京市PM_(2.5)污染的时空分布特征,并利用过程分析工具IPR研究了会期两次短时间污染过程(4日13:00~5日12:00和10日13:00~11日12:00)中各种大气物理化学过程对城区官园和郊区定陵两个代表性站点近地面PM_(2.5)生成的贡献.结果表明,CMAQ模型合理地再现了北京市PM_(2.5)的浓度水平和时间变化.北京地区4日和10日发生不利于污染物扩散的气象条件,导致PM_(2.5)小时浓度出现高值(分别为188,124μg/m~3),但受减排措施和冷高压的作用,PM_(2.5)高值维持时间较短.4日13:00~5日12:00,水平传输是官园和定陵站点PM_(2.5)的主要贡献者,贡献率分别为49.6%和90.9%.此次污染过程北京地区受南部污染传输影响较强.10日13:00~11日12:00,官园站点PM_(2.5)主要来自源排放在本地的积累(78.8%),定陵站点PM_(2.5)主要来自较弱的水平传输(93.9%).此次过程体现出更加明显的局地性污染特征.两次过程中,PM_(2.5)的主要去除途径均为垂直传输.     

A preliminary analysis of the surface chemistry of atmospheric aerosol particles in a typical urban area of Beijing

Atmospheric aerosol particle samples were collected using an Ambient Eight Stage(Non-Viable) Cascade Impactor Sampler in a typical urban area of Beijing from 27 th Sep.to 5th Oct.,2009.The surface chemistry of these aerosol particles was analyzed using Static Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(Static TOF-SIMS).The factors influencing surface compositions were evaluated in conjunction with the air pollution levels,meteorological factors,and air mass transport for the sampling period.The results show that a variety of organic ion groups and inorganic ions/ion groups were accumulated on the surfaces of aerosol particles in urban areas of Beijing;and hydrophobic organic compounds with short-or middle-chain alkyl as well as hydrophilic secondary inorganic compounds were observed.All these compounds have the potential to affect the atmospheric behavior of urban aerosol particles.PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7had similar elements on their surfaces,but some molecules and ionic groups demonstrated differences in Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry spectra.This suggests that the quantities of elements varied between PM1.1–2.1and PM3.3–4.7.In particular,more intense research efforts into fluoride pollution are required,because the fluorides on aerosol surfaces have the potential to harm human health.The levels of air pollution had the most significant influence on the surface compositions of aerosol particles in our study.Hence,heavier air pollution was associated with more complex surface compositions on aerosol particles.In addition,wind,rainfall,and air masses from the south also greatly influenced the surface compositions of these urban aerosol particles.     

2007—2014年北京地区PM2.5质量浓度变化特征

为更好地解析北京地区ρ(PM_2.5)的长期变化特征及气流轨迹聚类分析结果,对2007年8月—2014年7月在中国环境科学研究院实测的ρ(PM_2.5)数据进行了统计分析,分析其年际、季节和月际变化特征;通过计算PM_2.5的AQI分指数,分析了污染等级的时间变化特征;结合后向气流轨迹,对ρ(PM_2.5)年际、季节变化与气团来源的关系进行了分析.结果表明:北京地区2008—2013年ρ(PM_2.5)年均值分别为111.5、95.8、94.8、80.5、75.2、81.3 μg/m3,整体呈逐年下降趋势,但污染水平依然较高;ρ(PM_2.5)由高到低的季节次序为秋季、冬季、春季、夏季,平均值分别为111.6、94.8、77.2、70.5 μg/m3,PM_2.5重污染时段主要出现在秋冬季节,并且冬季ρ(PM_2.5)近年来逐渐呈上升趋势;ρ(PM_2.5)月均值呈单峰型变化,11月最高(为125.3 μg/m3),7月最低(为76.4 μg/m3);轨迹聚类分析发现,途经山西省北部和河北省南部的气流轨迹中ρ(PM_2.5)较高,而来自北方及西北方向的气团相对较清洁,ρ(PM_2.5)较低.北京地区近些年实施的大气污染减排措施对于控制PM_2.5污染取得了一定效果,但针对秋冬季节重污染过程的控制力度仍需要加强,同时也要注意区域污染传输对北京地区ρ(PM_2.5)的影响.      

北京市城市河流中精神活性物质的污染水平及环境风险

为评价北京市城市河流地表水体中5种精神活性物质〔METH(甲基苯丙胺)、AMP(苯丙胺)、KET(氯胺酮)、EPH(麻黄碱)和HA(羟亚胺)〕的环境风险,通过对固相萃取柱(Oasis HLB、Oasis MCX、Oasis WAX和Oasis PRiME HLB)类型、水样酸化、洗脱剂类型及体积等条件的确定,建立了同时测定水环境中精神活性物质的固相萃取-液相色谱-质谱(SPE-LC-MS/MS)联用方法,并对北京市城市河流地表水体中5种精神活性物质的质量浓度水平进行了调查,采用RQ(风险熵)法进行了风险评价. 结果表明,在水样未酸化条件下,Oasis MCX柱对精神活性物质的回收率最高,使用含5%(V/V)氨水的甲醇作为洗脱液,5种精神活性物质的回收率可以达到81.8%~91.1%. 地表水水体基质加标结果表明,5种精神活性物质的加标回收率均大于75.5%,相对标准偏差均小于10.0%. 方法检出限为0.30~0.80 ng/L,定量限为1.00~2.68 ng/L. 北京市7条城市河流中5种精神活性物质的质量浓度在1.00~99.51 ng/L之间. EPH在所有采样点均被检出且质量浓度较高,ρ(EPH)平均值为22.79 ng/L;ρ(AMP)相对较低,在1.54~11.23 ng/L之间,但AMP检出率为97.06%;ρ(METH)较高,平均值为14.63 ng/L,最高值(99.51 ng/L)出现在坝河. 研究显示,北京市地表水中5种精神活性物质的RQ均小于0.1,表明其可能的环境风险较低,但由于精神活性物质本身具有生物活性,它们对城市河流水生生态系统产生的潜在危害不容忽视.      

北京市内到郊区氮沉降时空变化特征

对北京市区到远郊梯度带上的4个采样点(北京师范大学(BNU)、奥林匹克森林公园(AS)、减河公园(JH)、延庆上辛庄(YQ))降雨和针叶树穿透雨雨量及其化学成分进行了监测,分析了从市中心到远郊的氮沉降时空变化规律.结果表明:梯度带上各点铵态氮(NH+4-N)与硝态氮(NO-3-N)均为5、6月最大,7月开始迅速减小,雨季降雨的稀释作用是主要原因.在空间上,NH+4-N与NO-3-N沉降量大小为BNUJHASYQ,4个样点对应的可溶性无机氮(铵态氮与硝态氮)总沉降量分别为22.6、13.7、12.1、5.42 kg·hm~(-2)a-1(以N计).无机氮沉降以湿沉降为主,4个样点上湿沉降所占比例分别为BNU 72.44%、AS 65.97%、JH 62.78%、YQ 93.86%;沉降成分以铵态氮为主,所占比例分别为BNU56.41%、AS 59.47%、JH 61.21%、YQ 63.33%,从城区到远郊逐次增大.国内外同类研究综合表明,湿沉降中无机氮浓度均是工业区市区郊区远郊区,北京降雨中无机氮浓度相对较高.大多数研究区的城区与郊外大气氮沉降均是以铵态氮为主,与市区交通及生活源氮氧化物排放较高的实际并不一致,其成因与机制尚不明确.     

Sustainable Development and Transition of Traditional Retailing Centers in Beijing from Consumers' Perspective

Based on the consumer questionnaires of the three traditional retailing centers,Qianmen,Wangfujing and Xidan in Beijing,this article analyzes the present features of consumer composition in the three retailing centers.What is more,the evolution course and function transition of traditional retailing centers is revealed based on the changing of consumer composition in different times.Lastly,the renewal method and development trends of traditional retailing centers are discussed based on the evaluation results in consumers' perspective.     

试析清代北京地区政府救灾组织系统的主要特点

清代建都北京,在这里实行特殊的行政管理制度,与之相适应,救灾组织系统也与各地不同。清代北京地区政府救灾组织系统的主要特点有三：一是旗、汉分城办理。清初实行的旗、汉分城居住政策,导致北京城市居址环境的变迁。内城八旗救灾事务由八旗都统负责,外五城救灾事务由五城察院负责。这一特点既与清代逐渐演变形成的特殊官制有关,又与中央集...     

Food production in the city: (re)negotiating land,food and property

This paper addresses issues of access to land for food production in Toronto by offering fresh perspectives on urban agriculture in the neo-liberal city of the global north. It examines attempts to scale up urban agriculture that emphasise changing the relationships between land access, property and new collaborative relationships among different stakeholders. These initiatives involve renegotiating access to land for growing food between private property owners and landless growers, concomitant shifts in control over valued resources and commercialisation. These shifts are often based on relations of trust within a sharing economy rather than public battles over political decisions to develop urban agriculture lands. Growing food on private lands in the city is political in challenging taken-for-granted ideas and practices of property and urban agriculture. New approaches offer options for training and income, as well as expanding the land base for urban agriculture. Small-scale farming projects are affirmative political manoeuvres. They challenge urban residents to consider land for food production across the categories of public and private property. We document three approaches that challenge current property relations: temporary use of a development site through “soft” squatting; redesignating suburban backyards for farmer training and community-based and private food production; and garden sharing of private home backyards for urban food production and commercial growing. Such initiatives articulate alternative visions of sustainability and food security that rely on principles of collaboration and a sharing economy that challenge prevailing notions of property ownership and food security.