Decreased bioavailability of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in genetically modified corn with activated carbon or calcium montmorillonite clay inclusion in soil

The widespread use of pesticides has resulted in detectable residues throughout the environment, sometimes at concentrations well above regulatory limits. Therefore, the development of safe, effective, field-practical, and economically feasible strategies to mitigate the effects of pesticides is warranted. Glyphosate is an organophosphorus herbicide that is degraded to aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), a toxic and persistent metabolite that can accumulate in soil and sediment and translocate to plants. In this study, we investigated the binding efficacy of activated carbon (AC) and calcium montmorillonite (CM) clay to decrease AMPA bioavailability from soil and AMPA translocation to plants. Adsorption isotherms and thermodynamic studies on AC and CM were conducted and showed tight binding (enthalpy values >-20 kJ/mol) for AMPA with high capacities (0.25 mol/kg and 0.38 mol/kg, respectively), based on derivations from the Langmuir model. A hydra assay was utilized to indicate toxicity of AMPA and the inclusion of 1% AC and CM both resulted in 90% protection of the hydra (**p ≤ 0.01). Further studies in glyphosate-contaminated soil showed that AC and CM significantly reduced AMPA bioavailability by 53% and 44%, respectively. Results in genetically modified (GM) corn showed a conversion of glyphosate to AMPA in roots and sprouts over a 10-day exposure duration. Inclusion of AC and CM reduced AMPA residues in roots and sprouts by 47%–61%. These studies collectively indicate that AC and CM are effective sorbents for AMPA and could be used to reduce AMPA bioavailability from soil and AMPA residues in GM corn plants.     

碳酸盐岩对Fe2+生物氧化及铁矿物合成的影响

利用从高硫煤矸石堆场浸出液中培养驯化获得的氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,A.f）,通过静态实验,探讨添加不同量的碳酸盐岩对酸性硫酸盐体系中Fe²⁺生物氧化速率及次生铁矿物合成的影响.结果表明：添加10 g和30 g碳酸盐岩不会对体系中pH、氧化还原电位（ORP）和Fe²⁺生物氧化速率产生明显影响,但总铁（TFe）的去除率可从37%分别提高到55%和62%,矿物生成量也从8.17 g·L^-1分别增加到12.03 g·L^-1和13.69 g·L^-1;同时,体系中合成的次生铁矿物相与不加碳酸盐岩时无明显变化,主要为黄铁矾和施氏矿物的混合物.随着碳酸盐岩添加量增至50、70和90 g时,体系pH快速上升,Fe²⁺生物氧化速率受到抑制,并产生大量结晶程度较好的硫酸钙,形成的铁矿物主要为纤铁矿或针铁矿.而适量的碳酸盐岩添加可使体系中产生Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺,从而影响次生铁矿物的合成.因此,在以碳酸盐岩为反应介质的酸性矿山废水处理工艺设计中,可通过添加A.f菌并控制碳酸盐岩投加量,强化系统中Fe²⁺生物氧化及次生矿物的合成,从而进一步提高反应系统对TFe的去除效果.     

Difference in calcium ion precipitation between free and immobilized Halovibrio mesolongii HMY2

Biomineralization has become a research focus in wastewater treatment due to its much lower costs compared to traditional methods. However, the low sodium chloride (NaCl)-tolerance of bacteria limits applications to only water with low NaCl concentrations. Here, calcium ions in hypersaline wastewater (10% NaCl) were precipitated by free and immobilized Halovibrio mesolongii HMY2 bacteria and the differences between them were determined. The results show that calcium ions can be transformed into several types of calcium carbonate with a range of morphologies, abundant organic functional groups (C-H, C-O-C, C=O, etc), protein secondary structures (β-sheet, α-helix, 3₁₀ helix, and β-turn), P=O and S-H indicated by P2p and S2p, and more negative δ¹³C_PDB (‰) values (-16.8‰ to -18.4‰). The optimal conditions for the immobilized bacteria were determined by doing experiments with six factors and five levels and using response surface method. Under the action of two groups of immobilized bacteria prepared under the optimal conditions, by the 10^th day, Ca²⁺ ion precipitation ratios had increased to 79%-89% and 80%-88% with changes in magnesium ion cencentrations. Magnesium ions can significantly inhibit the calcium ion precipitation, and this inhibitory effect can be decreased under the action of immobilized bacteria. Minerals induced by immobilized bacteria always aggregated together, had higher contents of Mg, P, and S, lower stable carbon isotope values and less well-developed protein secondary structures. This study demonstrates an economic and eco-friendly method for recycling calcium ions in hypersaline wastewater, providing an easy step in the process of desalination.     

贵州喀斯特地质背景异常区农产品中氟镉暴露水平及健康风险评估

研究贵州喀斯特高地质背景对农产品中F、Cd含量水平的影响,评价农产品F、Cd暴露对不同人群的健康风险。以7个市州为研究区域,采集255个样品(110个水稻、130个玉米、15个马铃薯),分别采用氟离子选择电极法及电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定样品中F、Cd含量。参照靶标危害系数(THQ)和危害系数(HI)对儿童及成人的健康风险进行评价。结果表明,大米、玉米及马铃薯中Cd含量为0.003～0.629、0.000～0.556、0.016～0.153 mg/kg;F含量分别在0.130～1.970、0.357～4.717、0.557～1.058 mg/kg之间。大米、玉米及马铃薯分别有19.09%、23.08%、26.70%的样品Cd含量超过阈值(0.2、0.1、0.1 mg/kg,GB2762-2017)。大米中氟镉含量呈正相关(r=0.376,p＜0.01),玉米中呈负相关(r=-0.391,p＜0.01)。不同作物的THQ和HI显示,儿童和成人摄食大米的风险大于玉米和马铃薯。儿童及成人摄食大米后THQ_Cd、THQ_F、HI分别为:0.965、 0.073、0.970;0.799、0.060、0.859,儿童及成人摄食玉米后THQ_Cd、THQ_F、HI分别为:0.430、0.185、0.422;0.121、0.052、0.173,儿童及成人摄食马铃薯后THQ_Cd、THQ_F、HI分别为:0.020、0.069、0.024;0.008、0.019、0.028。研究结果表明贵州省农产品受不同程度氟镉污染,食用当地生产的农作物具有潜在的健康风险,且儿童风险大于成人。     

黄土区典型小流域矿物化学风化及碳汇效应

黄土中蕴含了巨大的碳库,黄土中碳的转移对区域乃至全球碳循环具有重要影响。本文选择山西省临县一典型黄土小流域青凉寺沟流域进行调查分析,研究黄土水的化学特征及离子来源,分析黄土矿物的溶蚀过程及碳汇效应,并利用正演模型和水化学方法估算不同矿物的离子贡献比例及流域碳汇通量。结果发现,研究区黄土化学成分的含量由高到低依次为SiO_2、Al_2O_3、CaO、Fe_2O_3、MgO、K_2O、Na_2O,表现出贫SiO_2、Fe_2O_3,富CaO、MgO的特点;黄土水的pH呈中性偏碱,阴离子主要以HCO_3~-为主,阳离子以Na~+为主,水化学类型为重碳酸-钠型(HCO_3~--Na~+),水化学组成与黄土的化学组成相对应;流域内不同端元离子来源贡献计算结果表明,大气沉降、人类输入、蒸发盐矿物、硅酸盐矿物和碳酸盐矿物化学风化贡献的溶解物质分别占总溶解物质的1. 66%、6. 32%、10. 38%、62. 23%、19. 31%;黄土区长时间的水-矿物作用是硅酸盐矿物溶解贡献占主导的主要原因,阳离子置换反应、土壤-盐分浸出与蒸发以及人类输入对硅酸盐矿物溶解也有一定的贡献;受黄土区相对低温少雨的影响,黄土矿物的平均化学风化速率较低,为9. 31 t/(km~2·a),低于全球岩石的化学风化速率平均值36 t/(km~2·a),但是其消耗大气CO_2的速率较高,约为6. 34 t CO_2/(km2·a),明显高于同纬度三川河岩溶流域的碳汇速率(5. 28 t CO_2/(km~2·a));利用水化学径流法计算的青凉寺沟黄土小流域的矿物化学风化的大气CO_2消耗量为0. 18×10~4t/a,为中国黄土区大气CO_2消耗量的估算提供基础数据。     

Effect of Ca:Mg ratio and high ammoniacal nitrogen on characteristics of struvite precipitated from waste activated sludge digester effluent

This study revealed the relationship between the presence of calcium impurities and ammoniacal nitrogen concentration upon crystallization of struvite. The research hypothesis was that the presence of both calcium and high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen(328–1000 mg/L) in waste activated sludge may influence the struvite quality and acid stability. Hence, we studied the impact of Ca:Mg ratio upon morphology, particle size, purity and dissolution of struvite, in the presence of varying levels of excess ammoniacal nitrogen. X-ray diffraction revealed that up to 31.4%amorphous material was made which was assigned to hydroxyapatite. Increasing the ammoniacal nitrogen concentration and elevation of the Mg:Ca ratio maximized the presence of struvite. Struvite particle size was also increased by ammoniacal nitrogen as was twinning of the crystals. Tests with dilute solutions of organic acid revealed the sensitivity of struvite dissolution to the physical characteristics of the struvite. Smaller particles(21.2 μm) dissolved at higher rates than larger particles(35.86 μm). However,struvite dissolved rapidly as the p H was further reduced irrespective of the physical characteristics. Therefore, addition of struvite to low p H soils was not viewed as beneficial in terms of controlled nutrient release. Overall, this study revealed that waste activated sludge effluent with high ammoniacal nitrogen was prospective for synthesis of high quality struvite material.     

一株产脲酶菌株的分离及其对Cd2+的去除研究

微生物诱导碳酸盐沉积(MICP)技术是目前镉污染治理的研究热点.本研究从土壤中分离出了一株高效产脲酶菌株,培养44 h后,该菌株对尿素的水解率达90.5%,培养液pH高达9.15.该菌株能诱导Cd~(2+)形成碳酸盐,对0.1 g·L~(-1)的模拟镉污染污水中游离态Cd~(2+)的固化去除率达70.5%.XRD和FTIR结果显示,固化产物为碳酸镉;SEM结果显示,固化产物粒径为10~100μm,主要以椭圆形颗粒包裹在细菌表面.固化产物可耐受pH为3.5,预示该菌株在治理镉污染方面具有应用潜能.     

桂江流域夏季水-气界面CO2脱气的空间变化及其影响因素

河流具有复杂的流域空间异质性,加之岩溶区河流富钙偏碱高溶解无机碳的特殊环境,使得河流水-气界面CO_2脱气出现显著的空间变化.为揭示岩溶区河流水-气界面CO_2脱气的空间变化特征及其影响因素,利用主要离子、物理化学参数、δ~(13)C_(DIC)等数据以及模型法和浮游箱法分析桂江流域水-气界面CO_2脱气特征.结果表明:(1)桂江流域水文地球化学表现出明显的空间变化特征,HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)以及电导率、总溶解性固体(TDS)、SIc、p CO_2都表现出中游支流中游下游上游的相似的分布特征;(2)桂江流域在监测期间均表现出CO_2脱气,为大气CO_2的源,脱气通量平均值为237 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),位于世界河流平均CO_2脱气通量范围内,但桂江流域CO_2脱气在不同的河段表现出明显的空间变化,中游支流和中游明显大于上游和下游;(3)桂江流域中游干流和支流CO_2脱气主要受到碳酸平衡系统的影响,但同时中游支流受到生物光合作用的影响.此外,上游CO_2脱气通量主要受到大气环境因素的影响,而下游CO_2脱气通量则受到诸多因素的共同影响.     

西藏拉萨河流域河水主要离子化学特征及来源

为掌握拉萨河流域水化学的时空变化特征、来源以及主要控制因子,于2014年8月~2015年7月在拉萨河拉萨水文站断面定点采集水样,并对其主要的化学离子进行分析.结果表明:HCO_3~-是主要的阴离子,占离子总量的68.73%,SO_4~(2-)含量其次,Ca~(2+)是主要的阳离子,占离子总量的67.75%,其次为Mg~(2+),拉萨河流域四季的pH值介于8.31~8.90,平均值为8.59,整体偏碱性,其中夏季的pH平均值最高,主要是因为水生植物光合作用以及浮游植物生长的影响.EC值介于155.0~257.0μS·cm-1之间,平均值为210.5μS·cm-1,TDS均值为181.35 mg·L-1,高于世界河流平均值.这是因为高原构造抬升活动频繁,造成岩石机械风化加强,从而加速岩石溶解.拉萨河流域的主要离子浓度大小表现为冬季春季秋季夏季的变化规律.离子来源分析表明,HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)主要来源于碳酸盐岩的风化,Cl-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-离子主要来源于大气和岩石风化.此外,由于降雨和冰川融水的稀释作用,河流中的主要离子浓度与河流径流量呈现负相关的关系.     

农耕驱动西南喀斯特地区坡地石质化的机制

论文介绍了西南喀斯特地区坡地岩土组构与产流产沙的特点,系统阐明了农耕促进土壤地表、地下流失和生物流失,间接驱动坡地石质化的机制,和犁耕运移土壤,直接驱动坡地石质化的机制。分析了石质坡地和土质坡地的农耕驱动土地石质化的主要方式,并给出了相应的防治对策。坡腰土石质土地是西南喀斯特丘陵坡地加速石质化发生的主要地段,要痛下决心,彻底改变坡腰土石质土地的农业利用方式,尽可能退耕还林、还灌、还草,尽量避免犁耕运移土壤和扰动土壤。