剩余污泥的电化学稳定实验研究

研究了电化学法对城市剩余污泥稳定化的影响。结果表明,以钛涂钌电极为阳极、不锈钢板为阴极,在极板间距为2cm,电压为20V,曝气量为3L/h的条件下,电解20min,其挥发性悬浮物质(VSS)去除效率可达39%,加酸调节pH值至4左右时,其电解效率则可达40%以上,同时,污泥病原体达到未检出水平。     

无过氧化氢添加Fenton氧化法降解有机物的可行性研究

Fenton反应可以氧化分解有机物,在反应中的关键氧化剂羟基自由基(HO·)是通过亚铁离子与过氧化氢作用生成的,因此,传统的Fenton氧化必须由外部添加过氧化氢.研究了一种新的方法,即采用Nafion膜固定化亚铁离子,并通过光催化反应提供Fenton氧化所需的过氧化氢,使得Fenton反应在不添加过氧化氢的条件下也能够连续进行.结果表明,以甲酸为代表有机物,该方法可以在不添加过氧化氢的条件下起到分解甲酸的作用.而且,通过对负载亚铁离子Nafion膜的再生,可以使该方法的降解能力保持在稳定的范围.     

Effect of pyrolysis and oxidation characteristics on lauric acid and stearic acid dust explosion hazards

The effect of pyrolysis and oxidation characteristics on the explosion sensitivity and severity parameters, including the minimum ignition energy MIE, minimum ignition temperature MIT, minimum explosion concentration MEC, maximum explosion pressure P_max, maximum rate of pressure rise (dP/dt)_max and deflagration index K_st, of lauric acid and stearic acid dust clouds was experimentally investigated. A synchronous thermal analyser was used to test the particle thermal characteristics. The functional test apparatuses including the 1.2 L Hartmann-tube apparatus, modified Godbert-Greenwald furnace, and 20 L explosion apparatus were used to test the explosion parameters. The results indicated that the rapid and slow weight loss processes of lauric acid dust followed a one-dimensional diffusion model (D1 model) and a 1.5 order chemical reaction model (F1.5 model), respectively. In addition, the rapid and slow weight loss processes of stearic acid followed a 1.5 order chemical reaction model (F1.5 model) and a three-dimensional diffusion model (D3 model), respectively, and the corresponding average apparent activation energy E and pre-exponential factor A were larger than those of lauric acid. The stearic acid dust explosion had higher values of MIE and MIT, which were mainly dependent on the higher pyrolysis and oxidation temperatures and the larger apparent activation energy E determining the slower rate of chemical bond breakage during pyrolysis and oxidation. In contrast, the lauric acid dust explosion had a higher MEC related to a smaller pre-exponential factor A with a lower amount of released reaction heat and a lower heat release rate during pyrolysis and oxidation. Additionally, due to the competition regime of the higher oxidation reaction heat release and greater consumption of oxygen during explosion, the explosion pressure P_m of the stearic acid dust was larger in low concentration ranges and decayed to an even smaller pressure than with lauric acid when the concentration exceeded 500 g/m³. The rate of explosion pressure rise (dP/dt)_m of the stearic acid dust was always larger in the experimental concentration range. The stearic acid dust explosion possessed a higher P_max, (dP/dt)_max and K_st mainly because of a larger pre-exponential factor A related to more active sites participating in the pyrolysis and oxidation reaction. Consequently, the active chemical reaction occurred more violently, and the temperature and overpressure rose faster, indicating a higher explosion hazard class for stearic acid dust.     

Biological conversion pathways of sulfate reduction ammonium oxidation in anammox consortia

• The SRAO phenomena tended to occur only under certain conditions. • High amount of biomass and non-anaerobic condition is requirement for SRAO. • Anammox bacteria cannot oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor. • AOB and AnAOB are mainly responsible for ammonium conversion. • Heterotrophic sulfate reduction mainly contributed to sulfate conversion. For over two decades, sulfate reduction with ammonium oxidation (SRAO) had been reported from laboratory experiments. SRAO was considered an autotrophic process mediated by anammox bacteria, in which ammonium as electron donor was oxidized by the electron acceptor sulfate. This process had been attributed to observed transformations of nitrogenous and sulfurous compounds in natural environments. Results obtained differed largely for the conversion mole ratios (ammonium/sulfate), and even the intermediate and final products of sulfate reduction. Thus, the hypothesis of biological conversion pathways of ammonium and sulfate in anammox consortia is implausible. In this study, continuous reactor experiments (with working volume of 3.8L) and batch tests were conducted under normal anaerobic (0.2≤DO<0.5 mg/L) / strict anaerobic (DO<0.2 mg/L) conditions with different biomass proportions to verify the SRAO phenomena and identify possible pathways behind substrate conversion. Key findings were that SRAO occurred only in cases of high amounts of inoculant biomass under normal anaerobic condition, while absent under strict anaerobic conditions for same anammox consortia. Mass balance and stoichiometry were checked based on experimental results and the thermodynamics proposed by previous studies were critically discussed. Thus anammox bacteria do not possess the ability to oxidize ammonium with sulfate as electron acceptor and the assumed SRAO could, in fact, be a combination of aerobic ammonium oxidation, anammox and heterotrophic sulfate reduction processes.     

烟气同时脱硫脱硝化学反应的可能性分析

根据烟气气体组分情况,将可能发生的化学反应方程式进行筛选,确定独立反应个数。通过热力学计算得到了标准状态下热力学函数值,进而求得了不同温度下的热力学性质。通过标准生成自由焓、标准吉布斯自由能变、标准熵变的计算,分析了烟气同时脱硫、脱硝中发生化学反应的可能性,为烟气同时脱硫、脱硝动力学理论的研究打下了基础。     

Elimination of diclofenac from water using irradiation technology

The effluents of wastewater treatment plants, usually directly emitted to the environment, often contain the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac (DCF). The paper investigates DCF elimination using irradiation technology. Hydroxyl radical and hydrated electron reactive intermediates resulting from water radiolysis effectively degrade DCF and strongly reduce the toxicity of the solutions. OH attaches to one of the rings of DCF, and hydroxylated molecules, 2,6-dichloroaniline and quinoid type compounds are the products. Hydrated electron adds to the chlorine atom containing ring, in the reaction quinoid type compounds and 4-chloroacridine form. At a 0.1 mM DCF concentration, a ∼1 kGy absorbed dose is needed for the degradation of DCF molecules, but for mineralization of the products (in presence of O₂) an order of magnitude higher dose is required.For irradiation of wastewater after biological treatment a ∼1 kGy dose is suggested. At this dose DCF and other drugs or metabolites present at μg L⁻¹ level are eliminated together with microorganism deactivation.     

钛基IrO2-SnO2电极在烟气海水脱硫恢复系统中的应用

采用浸渍-热分解法制备了含IrOx-TiO2中间层的IrO2-SnO2电极,得到的电极具有较高的析氯电催化活性和较强的稳定性,并通过电化学氧化法对Na2SO3海水脱硫模拟液进行处理,考察了电流密度、温度、pH值和电解时间等电解工艺参数对Na2SO3去除率和化学需氧量COD的影响。结果表明,在电流密度为200 mA/cm^2,pH值为3.5,电解440 mg/L的Na2SO3海水脱硫模拟液,15 min时Na2SO3去除率可达96.5%,COD去除率可达82.6%。     

微曝气Fenton氧化法处理模拟双酚A废水的效果及其生物验证

研究了微曝气Fenton氧化法关键工艺参数对模拟双酚A（BPA）废水处理效果的影响,并从活性污泥性质和污染物去除率两方面,采用膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor, MBR)对微曝气Fenton氧化法的处理效果进行了实验验证,为实现BPA废水的生物处理奠定基础。结果表明,初始pH值、反应时间、H₂O₂/COD(质量浓度比)、H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ (摩尔浓度比)、反应温度及曝气量均对预处理效果有较大影响,在最佳条件下,COD去除率可达70%,BOD/COD值则由原废水的0.02提高到0.50以上。MBR处理上述出水的结果表明,经微曝气Fenton氧化处理BPA的废水,可较好地适应后续的生化处理。     

对苯二甲酸生产废水回用实验研究

采用高级氧化工艺对对苯二甲酸生产废水进行处理,系统考察了氧化剂投加量、废水pH等对处理效果的影响,得出了最佳工艺条件。经过处理的PTA废水,水质达到了车间用水的要求。本方法具有处理效果好、操作简单和环境友好等优点。     

含中间层的DSA电极电催化氧化硝基苯废水的研究

为了提高难降解有机废水的可生化性,以及更高效地去除废水中的特征污染物,同时避免二次污染,利用自制的含锡锑中间层的钌钯氧化物涂层电极对有机废水中的硝基苯进行处理,并利用SEM、XRD等方法对电极中间层、表层进行微观表征。微观测试表明,基体、中间层、表层之间结合力较强,有利于增强电极寿命;水处理实验表明,电催化氧化反应体系适合高浓度有机废水的处理,由于该反应体系需要外加电解质加强传质,这在实际运用中为废水中盐度的处理提供了一种新的途径,当电流密度为20 mA/cm²、电解质浓度为10 g/L、pH=5、极板间距=2 cm时,电催化氧化体系对硝基苯具有较高的去除效率。