宁波市地表水重金属污染现状和健康风险评价

为评价中国华东沿海城市地表水重金属的污染现状和潜在生态风险,以宁波为例,在城区地表水中采集了255个水样,检测了6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量水平,计算了重金属的健康风险指数和致癌风险指数.结果表明,宁波市地表水中重金属平均浓度的大小顺序为:ZnPbCrNiCdCu;有3种重金属超过国标GB 3838-2002中的Ⅴ类限值,且严重顺序为CdPbCr,电镀废水、金属加工废弃物、交通污染物、染料和涂料废物是主要污染源.70%以上的地表水存在健康风险,镇海区和海曙区风险最高,3种潜在风险最大的重金属及顺序为:CdCrPb.地表水对成年人和未成年人的致癌风险指数平均值分别达到临界值的17 600倍和24 800倍,且95%以上因Cr引起,人口密集的商业区致癌风险指数接近全市平均水平的2倍.宁波市地表水重金属污染严重,相关部门应当足够重视.     

环境规制的蓝色红利效应研究

利用中国工业企业数据库2004~2009年制造业企业数据,以清洁生产目录标准的政策实施为外生冲击事件,基于倍差估计法（DID）实证检验了环境规制对企业盈利能力、盈利质量、波特效应和管理创新成本等蓝色红利的影响.结果发现：环境规制显著提升了制造企业的利润率和企业的现金流充裕性,改善了企业的盈利能力和盈利质量;环境规制显著降低了企业管理创新成本,但波特效应不显著.环境规制的蓝色红利效应存在地方策略互动、企业规模和所有制的异质性：地方政府之间的策略性不合作抑制了环境规制蓝色红利效应.企业规模的扩大提高了管理创新成本,但强化其他相关的蓝色红利效应.环境规制对国有企业的利润率、现金流以及全要素生产率的改善作用强于非国有企业,但更有助于降低非国有企业的管理创新成本.     

Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural and urban areas of the North Chinese Plain

Passive air sampling (PAS) was employed to study the occurrence of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs in the North Chinese Plain. The averaged concentrations of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were 485 ± 209 ng/m³ and 267 ± 161 ng/m³, respectively. The PAHs concentrations at urban sites were generally higher than those at rural ones with ratios <1.5 in spring, summer and fall, but differences between them were not significant for the wintertime and annually averaged concentrations. This urban-rural distribution pattern was related to the PAHs emission sources. PAHs spatial variation can be partially (49%) explained by emission with a simple linear regression method. Both the gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were highest in winter and lowest in summer, with winter/summer ratios of 1.8 and 8, respectively. Emission strength was the most important factor for the seasonality.     

潮土施镍对小白菜的生物效应及其临界值研究

研究潮土施Ni对盆栽蔬菜的生态效应,并通过小白菜生物量的变化、地上部茎叶Ni质量比及土壤有效态Ni质量比来表征土壤Ni污染的毒性临界值.结果表明,潮土施Ni对蔬菜未表现出增产效应.施Ni量低于25 mg/kg,其生物产量无明显降低.随施Ni量的增加,生物产量呈显著下降,生物量变化与Ni质量比呈高度负相关.潮土施Ni增加茎叶和根系中Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg元素质量比,降低Cu,Zn元素质量比.4种性质不同的提取试剂提取的土壤有效态Ni质量比与植物Ni吸收均呈高度正相关,较好地反映了植物的危害状况,且以DTPA提取效果最佳.以生物减产量突变点为依据,确定潮土施Ni毒害临界值为:土壤全量Ni为41.86 mg/kg,有效态Ni质量比为2.55mg/kg(DTPA)和茎叶Ni质量比为22.39 mg/kg.     

元宝山中山土壤形成特点及系统分类

通过对元宝山的实地考察,选取具有代表性的6个山地土壤剖面进行描述及分析,研究了元宝山土壤的形成条件和特点,并按照《中国土壤系统分类:理论·方法·实践》一书要求,根据诊断层及诊断特性,检索了土壤系统分类名称。得出元宝山土壤垂直分布按海拔由低到高依次为:粘化富铝湿润富铁土-强度铝质湿润淋溶土-黄色铝质湿润淋溶土-普通铝质常湿雏形土-石质铝质常湿雏形土。     

白菜叶绿体DNA快速提取及分析

采用SDS-蛋白酶法提取了白菜的叶绿体DNA.琼脂糖电泳及紫外分光光度分析表明,所提取的叶绿体DNA质量高,除cpDNA主环外,在胞质雄性不育新种质及原不育系中还存在约1375bp和831bp的两条质粒分子.用所提取的叶绿体DNA作为模板进行RAPD扩增,获得了清晰的扩增图谱.该方法与传统的提取方法相比省时、高效、无污染.图2表1参14     

4种中草药的超临界CO2萃取物对霉菌的抑制效果

利用气相扩散法、固相扩散法、平板法研究了荷叶、艾叶、佩兰、细辛4种中草药的超临界CO2萃取物对霉菌的抑制作用和最低抑制浓度(MIC).结果表明,4种中草药的超临界CO2萃取物对单一或混合霉菌均有较强的抑制作用,荷叶和细辛的MIC<1.56g/L,佩兰的MIC<0.63g/L,艾叶的MIC<0.2g/L.表3参11     

Dynamics of soil organic matter in primary and secondary forest succession on sandy soils in The Netherlands: An application of the ROMUL model

We applied the simulation model ROMUL of soil organic matter dynamics in order to analyse and predict forest soil organic matter (SOM) changes following stand growth and also to identify gaps of data and modelling problems. SOM build-up was analysed (a) from bare sand to forest soil during a primary succession in Scots pine forest and (b) on mature forest soil under Douglas fir plantations as an example of secondary succession in The Netherlands. As some of the experimental data were unreliable we compiled a set of various scenarios with different soil moisture regime, initial SOM pools and amount and quality of above and below ground litter input. This allowed us to find the scenarios that reflect the SOM dynamics more realistically. In the Scots pine forest, total litter input was estimated as 0.50 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. Two scenarios were defined for the test runs: (a) forest floor moisture regimes—‘dry, mesic and hydric’ and (b) augmenting a root litter pool with three ratios of needles and branches to roots: 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2.0. The scenario finally compiled had the following characteristics: (a) climate for dry site with summer drought and high winter moisture of forest floor; (b) a litter input of 0.25 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ above ground and 0.50 kg m⁻² year⁻¹ below ground; (c) a low nitrogen and ash content in all litter fall fractions. The test runs for the estimation of the initial SOM pools and the amount and proportion of above and below ground litter fall were also performed in the Douglas fir plantation. The inputs of above ground litter tested in various combinations were 0.30 and 0.60 kg m⁻² year⁻¹, and below ground litter 0.30, 0.60 and 0.90 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. The scenario that fitted the experimental data had an SOM pool of 20–25 kg m⁻², an aboveground litter input of 0.6 kg m⁻² year⁻¹and a below ground litter input of 0.9 kg m⁻² year⁻¹. The long-term simulation corresponded well with the observed patterns of soil organic matter accumulation associated with the forest soil development in primary and secondary succession. During primary succession in Scots pine forest on dry sand there is a consistent accumulation of a raw humus forest floor. The soil dynamics in the Douglas fir plantation also coincide with the observed patterns of SOM changes during the secondary succession, with SOM decreasing significantly under young forest, and SOM being restored in the older stands.     

东北过伐林灌木层物种多样性与林分因子的典型相关分析

研究林分特征尤其是经营上可以控制的因子对生物多样性的影响，将有助于制定合理的经营措施来维持和保护生物多样性，本文作者以我国东北过伐林区3种典型天然林类型为对象，采用典型相关分析方法，研究影响灌木层物种多样性的主要因子。结果表明：影响灌木层物种多样性的主要因子包括土壤含水率，树种多样性和林分密度；灌木层多样性组的变异被林分组第一典型变量解释的比例为68.32%,仍有31.68%的变异不能得到解释。     

几种化感物质对杉木幼苗生长的影响

采用培养皿滤纸法 ,研究了不同浓度的肉桂酸、苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸对杉木 (Cunninghamialanceolata)幼苗生长的影响 .结果表明肉桂酸、苯甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸分别在 1× 10 -5molL-1、1× 10 -3molL-1、1× 10 -4 molL-1浓度时降低了叶绿素含量 (P =0 .0 5 ) ,而在 1× 10 -6molL-1、1× 10 -4 molL-1、1× 10 -5molL-1浓度时抑制了杉木幼苗胚根和胚芽的生长 (P =0 .0 1) .3种酚类物质对胚根生长的抑制作用明显高于对胚芽生长的抑制作用 .在 3种酚类物质中 ,肉桂酸对杉木幼苗生长的抑制作用最强 ,对羟基苯甲酸次之 ,苯甲酸最弱 .这表明酚类物质能在不同程度上抑制杉木幼苗的生长 ,降低其生产力 ,可能是连栽杉木人工林生产力降低的因素之一 .图 2表 1参 14