Spatial population structure in forest voles of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Clethrionomys</Emphasis> in the southern taiga of the Middle Irtysh region

A comparative analysis of spatial population structure in the northern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus Pall.) and large-toothed red-backed vole (Cl. rufocanus Sund.) has been performed in the middle taiga zone of the Middle Irtysh region (Omsk oblast). Populations of these species are represented by sets of territorial groups whose numbers and spatial distribution change from year to year depending on the ratio of these species in a biotope and their population density. There is no significant interspecific competition between cohabitant Cl. rutilus and Cl. rufocanus. In particular, this follows from the fact that the population density and distribution pattern of one species are independent of those of the other species. It has been found that the size of home ranges in Cl. rutilus inversely depends on its population density, with that in Cl. rufocanus remaining approximately the same at different population densities, and that the structure of the resident part of the population in both species changes during the season, as voles from neighboring habitats or dispersing voles settle in the study area.     

离子液体[C_8 mim]Cl对泥鳅胚胎和仔鱼的毒性

以泥鳅的胚胎及仔鱼为试验材料,选择胚胎发育的4个不同时期(囊胚期、原肠胚中期、神经胚期、尾芽期)及仔鱼期为处理开始的时间点,探讨了离子液体[C8mim]Cl的毒性作用。结果表明,随着[C8mim]Cl浓度增加,泥鳅胚胎的孵化率下降,畸形率上升,具有明显的剂量-效应关系,67~150 mg·L-1的[C8mim]Cl对泥鳅胚胎均表现出明显的致畸毒性效应;随着[C8mim]Cl浓度增加,泥鳅仔鱼死亡率上升,而100~225 mg·L-1的[C8mim]Cl对泥鳅仔鱼具有明显的致畸、致死作用。其中,[C8mim]Cl对孵出期泥鳅仔鱼的24 h、48 h的半致死浓度分别为97.95和86.77 mg·L-1;而[C8mim]Cl对孵出后3 d泥鳅仔鱼的24 h、48 h的半致死浓度分别为73.77和40.98 mg·L-1。由上可知,在一定的剂量内,[C8mim]Cl对泥鳅胚胎及仔鱼的发育有明显的致畸、致死作用,这为离子液体[C8mim]Cl的合理使用提供了理论依据。     

脉冲电晕放电降解CH2Cl2的初步研究

对高压脉冲电晕放电降解ＣＨ２Ｃｌ２进行初步研究,比较了正负脉冲电晕降解的活性,正脉冲电晕优于负脉冲电晕。探讨了脉冲形成电容Ｃｐ之值及反应器的电晕线材料对降解反应活性的影响。为进一步提高室温下ＣＨ２Ｃｌ２的降解,在反应器中加入ＢａＴｉＯ３为催化剂,在高压脉冲电场下,ＢａＴｉＯ３受激产生局部电晕,增强了电晕放电流性,提高了反应活性,ＣＨ２Ｃｌ２的转化率达９０％以上。     

论液氯钢瓶贮运的环境风险评价

主要讨论了化学工业生产中所使用的液钢瓶在贮运过程中因事故发生泄漏的概率，风除率，泄漏量以及它们的计算方法，并对其发生泄漏后Cl2对人群健康所产生的风险影响程序与范围进行了预测和评价。     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及除盐研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,分别采用1,6-己二胺、邻苯二胺和哌嗪为水相功能单体,均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为油相功能单体,通过界面聚合法制备了纳滤膜。通过过膜试验,比较了三种配方制得纳滤膜的水通量和脱盐效率;并对纳滤膜功能层聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺进行深入研究,探讨了哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应的最佳胺氯比。实验结果表明,哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应制得的纳滤膜性能优于其他两种配方,并且当两者的胺氯比约为10∶1时,所制得的复合膜具有最佳脱盐效果。     

[C8mim]Cl对HepG2细胞凋亡和内质网应激通路的影响

为研究离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑（[C₈mim]Cl）是否通过内质网应激（ERS）通路诱导细胞凋亡,在MTT法检测细胞活力的基础上,用0,50,100,200μmol/L[C₈mim]Cl处理HepG2细胞24h后,采用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,western blot检测ERS通路相关蛋白表达.结果显示：[C₈mim]Cl处理后HepG2细胞凋亡呈浓度依赖性增高.ERS相关蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）、磷酸化RNA依赖的蛋白激酶样内质网激酶（p-PERK）、磷酸化真核起始因子2α（p-eIF2α）、磷酸化肌醇需求酶-1（p-IRE1）、激活转录因子4（ATF4）和ATF6显著上调.[C₈mim]Cl还显著诱导了C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶4（caspase 4）蛋白表达,促进了caspase 9和caspase 3活性升高.因此,[C₈mim]Cl可通过ERS通路诱导HepG2细胞凋亡.     

不同季节人为氯排放对二次气溶胶影响的数值模拟

利用WRF-CMAQ模式对比有无人为氯排放的模拟试验,定量分析了不同季节人为氯排放对二次无机气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶的影响.结果表明,人为氯排放对硫酸盐的影响较小,而硝酸盐对人为氯排放较为敏感,Cl^-颗粒物与HNO₃、N₂O₅、NO₃和NO₂均可发生反应生成硝酸盐,同时NH₃也会转化为铵盐.人为氯排放使冬、春、夏、秋季硝酸盐月均浓度分别最高增加9.8 μg/m³(34.3%)、1.5μg/m³(11.4%)、1.3μg/m³(9.1%)和2.6μg/m³(10.3%),铵盐月均浓度分别最高增加3.0μg/m³(30.7%)、0.6μg/m³(10.3%)、0.5μg/m³(6.5%)和1.1μg/m³(8.0%),冬季影响最大,夏季影响最小.人为氯排放增强了Cl原子和OH自由基对VOCs的降解作用,不同种类的SOA浓度略有上升,人为氯排放对SOA浓度影响最大约为6%.二次无机气溶胶和二次有机气溶胶的增加导致了颗粒物总量的增加,人为氯排放使冬、春、夏、秋季PM₁₀月均浓度分别最高增加14.0μg/m³(18.3%)、2.5μg/m³(3.0%)、1.9μg/m³(2.8%)和4.5μg/m³(4.3%),PM_2.5月均浓度分别最高增加15.0μg/m³(24.4%)、2.1μg/m³(3.5%)、1.2μg/m³(3.2%)和3.9μg/m³(4.4%).人为氯排放的季节性影响从大到小分别为冬、秋、春、夏季,内陆的影响比沿海大.     

氯气灭活饮用水中隐孢子虫的影响因素

应用荧光活体染色法研究Cl2在水体中杀灭隐孢子虫的效果,并探讨投加量、作用时间、浑浊度、pH值、温度、有机物含量等对Cl2灭活隐孢子虫效果的影响规律,找出最佳投加量和作用时间.结果显示,隐孢子虫浓度1×106个/mL,温度22℃,pH7.0,浊度为1.0NTU,氯气投加量大于6.3mg/L,反应时间360min,隐孢子虫的灭活率可以达到预期灭活效果(灭活率﹥99.0%).隐孢子虫的灭活率与氯气投加量和作用时间成正相关;灭活率随着浑浊度增加逐渐下降,浑浊度0.1~20.0NTU范围内,氯气投加量为6.3mg/L,作用时间大于900min,即可保证隐孢子虫的灭活率符合预定要求;在弱酸性条件下氯气灭活隐孢子虫能力强于碱性条件,反应温度(5.0~35.0℃)范围内,隐孢子虫的灭活率与温度成正相关;HA浓度0~10.0mg/L,作用时间为360min时,灭活率随有机物浓度增加而降低.当作用时间为900min时,水中隐孢子虫的灭活率均大于99.0%.     

基于实测的燃煤电厂氯排放特征

选取我国4家电厂的6台煤粉锅炉进行现场测试,采集并分析烟气以及飞灰、底渣、脱硫石膏等燃煤副产物样品,以开展燃煤电厂Cl污染物排放特征的研究. 结果表明:燃煤中96.99%以上的Cl析出进入烟气,原烟气中ρ(Cl)范围为10.17~33.63mg/m3.除尘器和石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中的Cl具有协同脱除作用,尤其是石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置. 除尘器对烟气中Cl脱除效率为12.29%~19.86%,石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫装置对烟气中Cl的平均脱除效率为95.22%. 经过燃烧和烟气污染控制装置后,燃煤中0.35%~3.01%的Cl转移到底渣中,6.46%~15.00%的Cl转移到飞灰中,68.88%~77.31%通过脱硫废水排放,9.19%~15.95%的Cl转移到脱硫石膏中;只有2.21%~5.54%的Cl排入大气中,净烟气ρ(Cl)仅为0.34~1.38mg/m3. 目前我国燃煤电厂Cl污染的主要问题是妥善处理脱硫石膏和废水,以防止Cl的二次污染.      

Specific association of 36Cl with low molecular weight humic substances in soils

Soils initially contaminated with ³⁶Cl in the chloride form were subjected to solid–liquid extractions using a variety of reagents including deionised water and 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). 1 M NaOH was found to result in the greatest recovery of ³⁶Cl from the soils, a result which provided initial evidence that radioactive chlorine became attached to humic substances present naturally within the soils. Deionised water and 1 M NaOH extracts were subjected to analysis involving separation by gel filtration chromatography (GFC). It was found that ³⁶Cl in 1 M NaOH extracts associated preferentially with low molecular weight (LMW) fractions of humic substances whereas, in deionised water extracts, ³⁶Cl appeared to be present exclusively in the chloride form. Previous literature evidence, mainly from highly organic forest soils, suggests that conversion of stable chlorine from chloride to organic forms can occur as a result of biological action. The present paper also presents good evidence for the specific attachment of stable chlorine (³⁷Cl) to a LMW humic fraction, again demonstrated using GFC separation. Current risk assessments of the deep geological disposal of solid radioactive wastes containing ³⁶Cl typically assume a very low degree of sorption based on the notion that the predominant environmental species of radiochlorine is chloride. This paper concludes with a brief discussion on the implications of organochlorine formation in the biosphere for assessment of the radiological impact of deep geological disposal of solid radioactive wastes.