污泥掺烧过程中Cl/S/P/矿物质的热交互作用对Cd迁移转化行为的影响

采用化学热力学平衡分析方法,应用污泥实测数据模拟计算了污泥掺烧过程中Cl/S/P与矿物质的交互作用,重点模拟研究了Cl/S/P/矿物质交互体系对Cd迁移转化的影响.研究结果表明,污泥掺烧过程含Cl、S及P逸出气体以HCl(g)、SO_2(g)及(P_2O_5)_2(g)形式排放.污泥掺烧含有CaO-SiO_2-Al_2O_3体系中,CaO可以抑制S以SO_2(g)释放,而SiO_2及Al_2O_3对SO_2(g)逸出有促进作用,同时CaO及Al_2O_3可以抑制P的挥发.污泥掺烧过程中SiO_2及Al_2O_3对Cd挥发都有一定抑制作用,但CaO及Fe_2O_3对Cd基本无影响;当Cl存在时,Ti O2和SiO_2对Cd吸附作用减弱,并使Al_2O_3吸附剂失效;当S存在时,可导致吸附剂对Cd中毒,而P可导致Al_2O_3吸附剂失效;Cl-S-P耦合体系中,单一矿物质对Cd迁移转化影响主要受Cl和S控制.SiO_2+CaO+Al_2O_3共存体系中,Cl的存在可导致固体吸附剂SiO_2和Al_2O_3失效;S、S+Cl、S+P、S+Cl+P的存在受控元素为S,并且可以抑制Cd的挥发;P、Cl+P的存在对Cd影响受控元素为Cl,可促进Cd挥发.     

生物滴滤床净化二甲苯废气的性能研究

分别以大小两种拉西环作为生物滴滤床填料净化二甲苯废气,研究入口负荷、气体停留时间、营养液喷淋密度及营养液中氯化铵的质量浓度对生物滴滤床净化效果的影响.实验结果表明:随着入口负荷的增加,去除负荷也呈增加趋势,但二者并非线性关系.气体停留时间越长,去除效果越好.营养液中氯化铵的质量浓度对去除效果有显著影响,充足的氮源是高去除率的保证.在氮源充足的前提下,营养液喷淋密度对去除效果无显著影响.      

THE EFFECT OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT ON GROUND‐WATER QUALITY NEAR DETROIT,MICHIGAN1

ABSTRACT: Two water‐quality studies were done on the outskirts of the Detroit metropolitan area to determine how recent residential development has affected ground‐water quality. Pairs of monitor and domestic wells were sampled in areas where residential land use overlies glacial outwash deposits. Young, shallow waters had significantly higher median concentrations of nitrate, chloride, and dissolved solids than older, deeper waters. Analysis of chloride/bromide ratios indicates that elevated salinities are due to human activities rather than natural factors, such as upward migration of brine. Trace concentrations of volatile organic compounds were detected in samples from 97 percent of the monitor wells. Pesticides were detected infrequently even though they are routinely applied to lawns and roadways in the study area. The greatest influence on ground‐water quality appears to be from septic‐system effluent (domestic sewage, household solvents, water‐softener backwash) and infiltration of storm‐water runoff from paved surfaces (road salt, fuel residue). No health‐related drinking‐water standards were exceeded in samples from domestic wells. However, the effects of human activities are apparent in 76 percent of young waters, and at depths far below 25 feet, which is the current minimum well‐depth requirement.     

Study on the reaction of 3-methyl-2-butenal and 3-methylbutanal with Cl atoms: kinetics and reaction mechanism

The reaction of Cl atoms with two C₅ aldehydes (3-methyl-2-butenal and 3-methylbutanal) were investigated by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrum (PTR-MS) using smog chamber at 298 ± 1 K and 760 Torr. A relative rate method was used to determine the rate constants of the title reactions with m-xylene and trans-2-butene as reference compounds: (3.04 ± 0.18)  ×  10⁻¹⁰ and (2.07 ± 0.14)  ×  10⁻¹⁰ cm³/(molecule⋅sec) for 3-methyl-2-butenal and 3-methylbutanal, respectively. Additionally, the gas-phase products were also identified by PTR-MS, and the possible reaction mechanisms were proposed basing on the identified products. The detected gas-phase products are similar for two C₅ aldehydes reactions, mainly including small molecules of aldehydes, ketones and chlorinated aldehyde compounds. The atmospheric lifetimes (τ) calculated for 3-methyl-2-butenal (τ = 7.0 hr, marine boundary layer (MBL)) and 3-methylbutanal (τ = 10.3 hr, MBL) according to the obtained rate constants. The results indicate that Cl atoms at MBL are competitive with OH radicals for the degradation contribution of C₅ aldehyde compounds.     

离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑对洋葱的遗传毒性作用

为探讨咪唑类离子液体氯化1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑([C_8mim][C1])对洋葱的遗传毒性,用浓度分别为2.5、5、10和20mmol·L~(-1)的[C_8mim][C1]处理洋葱内表皮细胞和洋葱根尖8 h,用浓度为10 mmol·L~(-1)的[C_8mim][C1]处理洋葱内表皮细胞和洋葱根尖4 h、8 h、12 h和24 h,研究[C_8mim][C1]对洋葱内表皮细胞核的影响和对洋葱根尖有丝分裂指数和染色体畸变的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,随着[C_8mim][Cl]处理浓度和时间的增加,洋葱内表皮细胞核偏移率明显升高,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数显著降低,染色体畸变现象明显,畸变率升高。研究表明,当浓度达到2.5 mmol·L~(-1)时,[C_8mim][Cl]对洋葱具有遗传毒性。     

BiOCl/TiO2的氯化改性及其新式光生自由基催化反应

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了BiOCl/TiO₂复合催化剂,透射电镜（TEM）照片显示,两种半导体分布均匀、相互连接,形成的异质结可以为电子传导提供有效通道.经过氯化处理的复合材料具备更强的光催化能力,在紫外光条件下对苯的降解率达到90%,是原BiOCl/TiO₂的2倍、纯TiO₂的10倍.本文利用X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱和电子顺磁共振,对表面氯化的机理进行研究.结果表明,氯元素以Ti—Cl的方式吸附在催化剂表面,在光照条件下光生空穴夺取一个电子,使其生成氯自由基,进而配合超氧、羟基,构成一种新型的三自由基光催化体系,使催化降解能力大幅提升.最后,利用实验方法得到了光生氯自由基的直接证据,并构建了该体系的光催化反应机理.     

梯级开发河流污染物的积累性和缓冲性——兼论惰性物的积累模型

本文论述了梯级开发河流的“水库－河流”两重性，当该河流呈水库性质时，会发生对污染物的积累和缓冲；同时，论述了惰性物质氯离子（Ｃｌ＾－）的积累模型，提出了破坏此积累性和缓冲性的临界流量，以及如何用它来改善梯级开发河流的水质。     

含氯有机废水在流化床中焚烧HCl生成与控制的实验研究

在内径32mm的鼓泡流化床焚烧炉中，以含三氯乙醛有机废水为研究对象，在700－900℃的温度范围内，进行了含氯有机废水的焚烧及脱氯试验。研究了有机氯转化为HCI的转化率随温度的变化规律，发现随温度的升高，CI－HCI的转化率增加，900℃时CI－HCI的转化率达到98．5％，进行了高温下加CaO脱除HCI的实验研究，结果表明，温度升高，HCI脱率下降；在相同温度下，随着Ca/CI比的增中，HCI脱除率增加。通过对生成产物进行X射线能谱分析（EDAX）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析的结果，解释了高温下CaO脱除HCI的效果差的原因。     

不同N源及N/P对东海原甲藻生长的影响

研究了不同浓度和不同形态的N对东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)生长的影响。结果表明:在以NH4Cl为N源时,当N浓度为5.20μmol/L(N/P为8)时藻的比生长率最高,达0.499 d-1;在NaNO3为N源时,最适N/P为12。以尿素为N源时,N/P为16时藻的比生长率最大。东海原甲藻对无机N(NH4Cl和NaNO3)和尿素都可以利用,适宜生长的N/P范围在8~20之间,而相对高的N/P(32、100)不利于生长。当以甘氨酸和L-丙氨酸为N源时,随着N浓度的增高,原甲藻生长的速率和生物量反而下降,表明该藻对两种氨基酸的利用程度不高,高浓度时反而对东海原甲藻的生长有较明显的抑制作用。     

Kinetic and product studies of Cl atoms reactions with a series of branched Ketones

The rate constants for the Cl atom reaction with three branched ketones have been measured at 298 ± 2 K and 760 Torr using the relative rate method in the absence of NO. The rate constants values obtained(in units of 10~(-10)cm~3/(molecule·sec)) are: k_(2-methyl-3-pentanone)=1.07 ± 0.26, k_(3-methyl-2-pentanone)= 1.21 ± 0.26, and k_(4-methyl-2-pentanone)= 1.35 ± 0.27. Combining the chemical kinetic data obtained by this study with those reported for other ketones, a revised Structure Activity Relationship(SAR) parameter and R group reactivity(k_R) of R(O)R′and CHx(x = 1, 2, 3) group reactivity(k_(CHx)) toward Cl atoms were proposed. In addition,the products from the three reactions in the presence of NO were also identified and quantified by using PTR-To F-MS and GC-FID, and the yields of the identified products are: acetone(39% ± 8%) + ethanal(78% ± 12%), 2-butanone(22% ± 2%) + ethanal(75% ± 10%) + propanal(14% ± 1%) and acetone(26% ± 3%) + 2-methylpropanal(24% ± 2%), for Cl atoms reaction with 2-methyl-3-pentanone, 3-methyl-2-pentanone and 4-methyl-2-pentanone, respectively.Based on the obtained results, the reaction mechanisms of Cl atoms with these three ketones are proposed.