重大疫情下疫苗冷链物流在物联网环境中的风险评估*

为识别和应对重大疫情下疫苗冷链过程中的风险,研究物联网环境中在人-机-环-管理下,以加工包装、储存、运输、装卸搬运、接种为风险链的评估指标体系,全面分析各个环节风险因素,提炼16个影响疫苗冷链质量安全风险点。根据因果关系将风险评价指标体系转换为贝叶斯网络结构,建立基于贝叶斯网络的风险评估模型,并使用GeNIe软件进行计算,搜索相关数据,以印度新冠疫苗冷链物流为实证案例检验模型。研究结果表明:重大疫情下疫苗冷链物流存在风险敏感点,必须明确防控重点,制定针对性控制措施,如加强人员培训、合理规划路径及接种点位置、加大设施设备检查与更新等,研究结果可为实现疫苗冷链物流的高效安全运转提供参考。     

Biological treatment of the dye Reactive Blue 19 by cattails and anaerobic bacterial consortia

This study demonstrates the bioremediation potential of anaerobic sludge and cattail (Typha angustifolia) for the treatment of the dye Reactive Blue 19 (RB19). The anaerobic sludge and cattails used in this study were not previously exposed to dyes or other xenobiotics. Different anaerobic sludge concentrations (30%, 50%, and 70%) were used along fixed dye concentrations at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. Subsequently, 50% sludge was selected to treat RB19 at various concentrations. The discoloration of non-hydrolyzed dye was between 70% and 85% using 50% biomass. For the hydrolyzed form of RB19, the range of decoloration was 70%–90%. Dye treatment efficiencies between 50% and 75% were observed for the two forms of the dye when treated with T. angustifolia. Overall, the anaerobic biomass at pH 8.0 showed better potential than cattails to treat RB19. The observation that non-enriched anaerobic sludge can decolorize RB19 is important because it opens up the prospects of developing anaerobic treatment systems, which can easily decolorize dyes in industrial wastewaters and also possesses potential advantages over systems using defined bacterial cultures.     

Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste generation and management strategies

• Implication of COVID-19 on medical waste and MSW generation is studied. • Challenges and effective strategy of solid waste generation is reviewed. • 2.9 million tons of COVID-19 related medical waste has been generated until Sep. 22. • The pandemic has postponed policies related to the reduction of plastic use. • Blockade resulted in a significant drop in waste generation in some regions. It has been over ten months since the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-2019), and its impact on solid waste management, especially medical waste, is becoming clearer. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste, personal protection equipment waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in typical countries. The results show that the generation of medical waste from the pandemic increased significantly, with 18%‒425% growth. It is estimated that the daily output of COVID-19 medical waste increased from 200 t/d on Feb. 22 to over 29000 t/d at the end of September 2020 throughout the world. The use of personal protective equipment will continue to grow in the long-term, while the blockade and isolation measures greatly reduced the volume of commercial waste, especially for tourist cities, and part of this waste was transferred to household waste. Residents’ attitudes and behavior toward food waste have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, international organizations and several countries have issued new policies and guidelines and adjusted their management strategies for medical waste and MSW treatment. The pandemic has brought specific challenges to the disposal capacity of medical waste worldwide. It has also brought about the stagnation of policies related to the reduction of plastic products and waste recycling. This study will provide some useful information for managers and governmental officials on effective solid waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.     

Conducting conservation social science surveys online

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting the environment and conservation research in fundamental ways. Many conservation social scientists are now administering survey questionnaires online, but they must do so while ensuring rigor in data collection. Further, they must address a suite of unique challenges, such as the increasing use of mobile devices by participants and avoiding bots or other survey fraud. We reviewed recent literature on online survey methods to examine the state of the field related to online data collection and dissemination. We illustrate the review with examples of key methodological decisions made during a recent national study of people who feed wild birds, in which survey respondents were recruited through an online panel and a sample generated via a project participant list. Conducting surveys online affords new opportunities for participant recruitment, design, and pilot testing. For instance, online survey panels can provide quick access to large and diverse samples of people. Based on the literature review and our own experiences, we suggest that to ensure high-quality online surveys one should account for potential sampling and nonresponse error, design survey instruments for use on multiple devices, test the instrument, and use multiple protocols to identify data quality problems. We also suggest that research funders, journal editors, and policy makers can all play a role in ensuring high-quality survey data are used to inform effective conservation programs and policies.     

COVID-19疫情期间成都市地面臭氧污染特征及气象成因分析

受COVID-19疫情影响,我国各地采取了一系列封锁管控措施,由此导致大气污染物排放强度降低.本文以成都市为例,分析了2020年上半年的气象条件和大气污染浓度特征,并重点对臭氧浓度变化及同期对比结果进行了细致分析.结果表明：①与2019年同期相比,除O₃外的5种污染物（NO₂、CO、SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5）浓度均降低,降幅分别为13.60%、8.96%、6.30%、4.56%、1.80%,而O₃浓度却异常升高,升幅最大值分别出现在2月（35.1%）和5月（36.1%）.②2020年上半年,O₃浓度高值出现时间较2015—2019年提前,气象条件较有利于臭氧的生成.100 hPa和500 hPa位势高度为正距平,气温、日照时数较往年升高,相对湿度和降水量下降,以静小风为主.③2020年4月25日—5月6日臭氧污染持续时间长,主要是由于复工复产导致臭氧前体物排放增加,以及稳定的天气形势,使成都长时间处于高温（>30℃）、低湿（40%~60%）、静小风（1.3 m·s^-1）等不利扩散的气象条件下.气团后向轨迹和污染潜在源区表明研究区受到来自成都偏东一带及川南地区高污染气团短距离输送的影响.     

基于WRF-Chem和EMI指数的新冠肺炎疫情期间沈阳市大气污染物浓度变化原因分析

利用2015—2020年沈阳市空气质量监测数据、地面气象观测资料、环境气象评估指数（EMI）产品、NCEP再分析资料及WRF-Chem数值模式,分析新冠肺炎疫情防控期间沈阳市主要大气污染物和气象要素的变化情况,研究空气质量对污染物减排和气象要素变化的响应.结果表明：疫情防控导致沈阳市PM_2.5、PM₁₀和NO₂质量浓度下降,但O₃质量浓度小幅增加;PM_2.5和NO₂对人为减排的响应更敏感;防控期内沈阳市气象条件有利于污染物的清除,气象条件使PM_2.5质量浓度下降16.37%,防控减排措施导致PM_2.5质量浓度下降22.96%;在疫情防控的背景下,不利的气象条件和污染物排放的突然增加共同造成重污染天气发生,其中不利气象条件的贡献大于排放增加的贡献;减排措施对防控期间重污染天气过程污染物峰值浓度有明显的削弱作用.     

厦门湾空气质量对新冠疫情管控的响应

通过对厦门湾城市群在COVID-19封锁前后6周内（2020-01-11~2020-02-21）的空气污染物浓度变化进行分析,以确定影响本区域空气质量的主要人为污染源.在春节假期与封锁叠加期间,SO₂、NO₂、CO、PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度相比于节前1周的下降幅度分别为6%~22%、53%~70%、34%~48%、47%~64%和53%~60%,而O₃浓度变化没有一致的规律性;与2018~2019年历史同期相比,PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO和NO₂的下降幅度更大,但SO₂的下降幅度相当;在复工复产后,NO₂的反弹幅度最大（38%~138%）,远高于SO₂（2%~42%）,显示交通源相对于固定源更易受到疫情管控的影响;春节后风速增大和降水增多也为SO₂、NO₂和PM的下降提供了正向影响.利用反距离插值权重法,得到管控前后厦门湾城市群不同污染物的空间分布变化特征,显示NO₂浓度高值区的变化与交通源高度相关,CO和SO₂空间分布特征保持稳定,复工后PM_2.5和PM₁₀在人口与路网密集区变化不明显,而在工地相对集中区域有明显上升,O₃空间分布的低值区与NO₂的高值区具有较好的空间匹配性,显示NO₂对O₃滴定作用明显,可为进一步O₃污染减排措施的制定提供参考.     

环境中氟化物的迁移和转化及其生态效应

本文对环境中氟化物的迁移和转化及其对人体、动物、植物的污染生态效应作一简要的综述,主要包括以下几方面：１．环境中氟化物的来源及其地球化学特征;２．土－水－气－食物链中氟化物的迁移和积累与地方性氟流行病;３．土－水－气中氟的迁移和积累与植物氟毒效应;４．土－水－气中氟的迁移和积累与蚕桑氟化物污染;５．环境中氟污染的防治对策。     

新冠肺炎疫情下的环境应急管理研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情(以下简称"新冠肺炎疫情")是一次具有较大环境风险的复合性危机事件,评估总结应对疫情的环境应急管理政策实践进展,识别我国在面对重大疫情时环境应急管理存在的短板具有重要意义。本文通过对新冠肺炎疫情产生的环境影响以及应急措施的进展分析,总结了重大疫情下环境应急管理的经验与不足,建议要健全针对重大疫情的环境应急响应机制,加强环境应急基础能力建设,加快完善支撑保障体系。     

医护人员血源性病原体职业危害研究进展

本研究的目的是了解医护人员血源性病原体职业接触流行特征、职业危害及其研究进展。结果表明,发生针刺及其他锐器损伤的最主要的职业群体是护理人员,最容易导致医护人员损伤的锐器为注射器针头、玻璃安瓿、缝合针和手术刀片等,导致医护人员锐器伤的最常见的医疗操作是注射、缝合和采血。发生血源性病原体职业接触后,医护人员可能感染HBV、HCV及HIV等多种血源性病原体。国内既往研究大多关注伤害发生率及相关危险因素,未对血源性病原体职业接触后感染HBV、HCV及HIV的风险开展研究,尚需通过建立队列,开展前瞻性调查研究。