镉在日本无刺楤木叶片的积累与对其抗氧化系统的影响

为考察镉对日本无刺楤木(Aralia elata var. inermis)生长及品质安全性的影响,采用生物盆栽法研究镉处理对不同生长期楤木叶片抗氧化系统影响及与镉含量关系。结果表明:展叶末期楤木叶片镉含量较少,镉对楤木叶片抗氧化能力有促进作用,随着处理量增加,叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素含量先增大后减小,镉对过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性影响较强,可使其降至对照的30%,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈一定的先下降后上升的变化。生长中期POD活性达整个生长期最低;随着镉处理量增加,CAT活性先增强后减弱,但明显高于对照;叶绿素含量降幅各生长期最大,最低为对照69.1%;MDA含量则有显著增加。落叶初期叶片镉含量达到同处理最大;随着镉处理量的增加,POD活性持续减弱,CAT活性先增强后减弱,所受影响小于生长中期;叶绿素含量持续下降;落叶初期MDA含量在低量镉处理中降低,高量镉处理下继续升高。     

Effect of Heavy Metals on the Blood Protein Biochemistry of the Fish CYPRINUS CARPIO AND ITS USE AS A BIO-INDICATOR OF POLLUTION STRESS

Cyprinus carpio were exposed to two non-essential (Hg and Pb)and two essential (Cu and Ni) heavy metal salts at lethal andsub-lethal concentrations. Blood serum total protein, serum globulinand serum albumin was analysed every 2 hr for 24 hrs andagain at 48 and 72 hrs. Serum protein and globulin level showedan intial sharp increase from 2 to 20 hrs, followed by decline thatextend over a period of 72 hrs. Serum albumin showed an initialimmediate decline from 2 to 4 hrs, followed by an intermittent period of recovery and decline that extend over a period of 72hrs. Both lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of metal salts elicited asimilar pattern of response varying only in magnitude. The use offish blood serum protein, albumin and globulin measurements as general indicators of pollutant stress response isdiscussed.     

镧的不同施用方式对镉胁迫下雪菜生长和重金属累积的影响

采用土壤盆栽法,探讨镧的不同施用方式对镉胁迫下雪菜(Brassica juncea var.crispifolia)生长及Cd和La累积的影响,以评价重金属污染土壤上施用稀土元素的生态效应。研究结果表明,镉污染土壤上,与不施La处理相比,无论何种方式施用La对雪菜生长和叶片维生素c质量分数均未产生显著的促进作用。叶面喷施La(10、25、50mg·L-1)不仅没有降低雪菜Cd的质量分数,反而导致大量的La累积在雪菜地上部。拌种虽然使1mg·kg-1Cd污染条件下雪菜地上部Cd的质量分数下降,但同时使地上部La的质量分数增加。根施La(1、5、25、125mg·kg-1)处理的雪菜地上部La的质量分数仍处于较低水平,但仅有根施1mg·kg-1La处理显著降低雪菜地上部Cd累积量,其他根施La处理对地上部Cd累积量无显著影响。     

Cu、Zn和表面活性剂LAS、AE对彭泽鲫的复合污染毒性效应

在LAS和AE单一毒物对彭泽鲫的毒性实验的基础上,研究了Cu-LAS、Zn-LAS、Cu-AE、Zn-AE四种组合的复合污染对彭泽鲫的毒性效应。结果表明,LAS的毒性大于AE的毒性;Cu、Zn均能增强表面活性剂的毒性作用,促进作用为Cu〉Zn;Cu对表面活性剂的促进作用表现出一定的规律性,随浓度的升高表面活性剂的毒性增强;但Zn对表面活性剂的毒性影响的规律性仍不明确。     

V系列转基因银中杨(Salix alba var Tristis)与非转基因组长势差异的初步分析

经对鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗树林召镇的转基因试验林中的v系列转基因银中杨与非转基因对照组的生长性状的对比研究证明:该转基因系列具有较强的环境适应性,生长状况明显优于非转基因杨树。     

酸和铝胁迫对锦鲤不同组织SOD活性的影响

该实验目的是研究酸(pH=5,Al=0μg/L)、铝(pH=7,Al=800μg/L)单独及联合(pH=5,Al=800μg/L)作用下,锦鲤鱼脑、肾、肝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的反应变化情况。结果表明,与对照组(pH=7,Al=0μg/L)相比,锦鲤鱼脑无论在酸、铝单独作用还是联合作用下,SOD活性在染毒第1天均显著降低(p<0.01),但随后酸铝联合组、单独作用组分别在3 d、9 d恢复正常;肾SOD则只有在酸铝联合作用下,且只有在染毒第1天产生显著抑制(p<0.01),随后也恢复正常;肝SOD则无论在何种情况下,均无抑制现象发生。     

3种典型有机氯农药对锦鲤幼鱼的雌激素效应及其体内富集

为研究3种典型有机氯农药(%-六六六、p,p'-DDT和七氯)低浓度暴露对锦鲤幼鱼的雌激素效应及其体内富集效应,将锦鲤幼鱼暴露于有机氯农药的6个浓度组中进行20 d慢性毒性试验,测量血清中游离钙和蛋白结合磷含量及体内各组织有机氯农药残留。结果表明,在低浓度暴露20 d后,锦鲤幼鱼血清中游离钙和蛋白结合磷含量均随暴露浓度增加而呈先增后减之势,产生了明显的雌激素效应。p,p'-DDT在鱼体各组织中的富集能力远高于%-六六六和七氯;p,p'-DDT主要在鱼油中富集,其次为鱼肝、鱼鳃和鱼皮;%-六六六和七氯主要在鱼肝中富集,其次为鱼皮、鱼鳃和鱼油;3种有机氯农药在鱼肉中的富集相对较少。     

Effect of cobalt-supplemented diets on bioaccumulation,digestive enzyme activities and growth of Cyprinus carpio

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of excess dietary cobalt (Co) on bioaccumulation, digestive enzyme activities, and growth in freshwater Cyprinus carpio. Four isonitrogenous diets (average crude protein: 35%) were formulated to prepare a control diet (T₁) with no Co, and three Co-supplemented diets with 1 (T₂), 1.5 (T₃), or 2 (T₄)% Co. The results showed that C. carpio fed with T₃ diet showed maximal apparent protein digestibility, feed conversion, protein utilization, and growth. Protease and lipase activities were maximal in the fish group given T₃ diet. Accumulation of Co in different soft and hard tissues of fish did not correlate with levels of Co in the diet. The concentration of Co in the water increased with dietary level, being at a disturbing adverse effect level at 2% dietary Co. Evidence indicates that an additional supply of dietary Co up to a level of 1.5% is a viable option to augment growth of C. carpio, but at higher levels of Co it may be detrimental to fish health and the aquatic ecosystem.     

Alterations in plasma electrolyte levels of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to acidic pH

The impact of acidification (Low pH 5.0) on plasma electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^?, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was studied for a 35 day (long term) exposure period, while control groups were maintained at neutral pH (7.3). During long-term (35 days) exposure periods, plasma K⁺ and Mg²⁺ levels were increased (77.8% and 16.0%) in the low pH (5.0) treated fish. On the other hand, plasma Na⁺, Cl^?, and Ca²⁺ levels were decreased (12.4%, 18.4% and 31.3%, respectively). The loss of plasma Na⁺, Cl^?, and Ca²⁺ indicates the displacement of Ca²⁺ from tight junctions. The increased plasma K⁺ ion might have resulted from acidosis, because intracellular K⁺ is released from muscle as H⁺ enters. The elevated level of plasma Mg²⁺ might be due to inhibition of active transport of magnesium across the kidneys resulting in the accumulation of this ion in the plasma. Ionic alteration takes place upon exposure to acidic pH and can be considered as a potential tool for detecting environmental stresses caused by acidification.     

联苯胺对锦鲤肝脏酶活性的影响

以锦鲤(Cyprinus carprio)为试验生物,经不同浓度(6.0,3.0,2.0,1.2,0.6mg/L)联苯胺暴露14d,研究其对肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px),过氧化氢酶(CAT),超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)以及谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性的影响.结果表明,锦鲤经联苯胺暴露,肝脏GSH-Px活性几乎持续受抑制;暴露第4d出现CAT的诱导,但随着暴露的延续,在第7,14d出现酶活性抑制;对SOD的影响多表现为诱导作用,但在高浓度(6.0,3.0mg/L)暴露第14d则出现酶活性抑制;对GST和GPT的影响一般表现为在低浓度暴露下的酶诱导,高浓度暴露下酶活性受抑制.GSH-Px对联苯胺暴露最为敏感,有可能成为评价水环境联苯胺污染的生物标志物.