黄土高原历史时期沟谷侵蚀量计算方法探讨

历史时期沟谷侵蚀量的计算多采用传统实地测量或计算方法,而现代地理信息技术的发展为沟谷侵蚀量计算提供了更为简便、快捷、高效的方式。等高线图形概括法即为一种将传统制图学与现代地理信息技术相结合的方法。本文以神木县东山旧城冲沟为切入点,采用等高线图形概括方法,基于30 m 分辨率ASTER DEM,利用Arcgis10 平台计算历史时期沟谷侵蚀量,并将其与基于野外测量计算侵蚀量进行对比。结果对比发现,基于野外测量的沟谷侵蚀量约占基于DEM 侵蚀量的89.11%,两者之间存在一定差距,但是可被接受的。进一步分析显示,等高线简化前后,DEM 平均坡度、等高线长度和表面积均发生变化,平均坡度、等高线长度变化率分别为2.78% 和4.3%,表面积变化不是特别明显。三维分析显示,简化后等高线更加平滑,平均坡度趋于平缓,坡度的分布更为均匀。总体而言,等高线图形概括方法在沟谷侵蚀量计算方面具有较高的可靠性,对更大时空尺度内的沟谷侵蚀量计算具有借鉴意义。     

茂兰自然保护区景观格局空间变化研究

为促进保护区生态环境和地区社会经济的可持续发展,应用2005、2010年茂兰地区高分辨率影像和1∶5万地形图,基于Arc GIS、FRAGSTATS软件平台,采用移动窗口法、DEM,对茂兰自然保护区景观格局的空间结构及其演化进行研究。结果表明:1)保护区景观格局呈明显的5个团状高值区,中心区域异质性显著;2)从实验区到核心区,SHDI下降65%,ED降幅46.73%,LSI下降49.71%,PD下降40.21%,同时CONTAG上升43.95%,LPI上升达107.01%,景观由实验区团状、均衡、破碎化,向南部农用地随道路的延伸而镶嵌分布的格局转化,其中缓冲区整体空间密度高,异质性强;3)研究区人工景观集中分布在坡度0°~5°之间,自然景观以35°~45°向两侧递减,5°~25°间面积最小,实验区格局演化呈良性,要防止居民点向陡坡地区蔓延;缓冲区与核心区格局演化呈不合理,缓冲区不但要防止居民点向陡坡地区蔓延,还应合理规划道路、还林还草,提高农用地利用效率;核心区毁林开荒现象较为严重,且农用地利用率低;4)造成格局差异的因素主要包括保护区发展的政策导向、特殊的地理形态以及不合理的土地利用。     

利用多信息源提高半干旱地区TM影像的森林类型制图精度:以北京西部山区为例

以地处半干旱地区的北京西部山区为例,利用研究区森林类型的季相特征、已有的少部分林相图、Google Earth免费影像数据等信息选择不同坡向的相同森林类型做训练样本,通过加入其他辅助数据(海拔和坡向数据),来提高Landsat TM影像的森林类型分类精度,同时对比了基于像元和面向对象方法提取森林类型的效果。结果表明:1)就半干旱山区的森林类型划分来说,TM影像的TM4、TM5、TM4-TM2及辅助数据DEM和坡向可作为TM影像森林类型划分的最佳数据源。2)单独加入海拔信息,阔叶林的提取精度提高23%,针叶林和混交林的分类精度只提高了4%~5%;单独加入坡向信息,阔叶林的提取精度只提高21%,但是针叶林和混交林的分类精度则分别提高了13%、18%,显著优于单独加入海拔信息的效果。同时加入海拔信息和坡向信息,至少可以准确区分出约70%以上的针叶林、阔叶林和混交林。3)就本研究区而言,坡向比海拔更有效地辅助提高森林分类精度。4)就混淆矩阵数据而言,面向对象的分类方法比基于像元分类结果总体精度低3%,Kappa系数低4%,但面向对象的分类结果更加符合研究区实际情况。该研究对中分辨率影像应用于半干旱山区森林类型划分具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Modelling and mapping topographic variations in forest soils at high resolution: A case study

This article examines the utility of a digitally derived cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) index to model and map variations in drainage, vegetation and soil type and select soil properties within a forested area (40 ha) of the Swan Hills, Alberta, Canada. This index was derived from a LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) derived digital elevation model (DEM), with at least 1 ground return per m². The resulting DTW pattern was set to be zero along all DEM-derived flow channels, each with a 4 ha flow-initiation threshold. Soil type (luvisol, gleysol, mesisol), drainage type (very poor to excessive), vegetation type (hydric to xeric) and forest floor depth were determined along hillslope transects. These determinations conformed more closely to the DEM-derived log₁₀(DTW) variations (R² > 60%) than to the corresponding variations of the widely used topographic wetness index (TWI) (R² < 25%). Setting log₁₀(DTW) thresholds to represent the wet to moist to dry transitions between vegetation, drainage and soil type enabled a high-resolution mapping of these types across the study area. Also determined were soil moisture content, coarse fragment and soil particle composition (sand, silt, clay), pH, total C, N, S, P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Al, Mn, Zn, and available Ca, Mg, K, P and NH₄, by soil layer type and depth. Most of these variables were also more correlated with log₁₀(DTW) than with TWI, with and without soil layer depth as an additional regression variable. These variables are, therefore, subject to topographic controls to at least some extent, and can be modelled and mapped accordingly, as illustrated for soil moisture, forest floor depth and pH across the study area, from ridge tops to depressions. Further examinations revealed that the DEM-produced DTW and TWI patterns complemented one another, with DTW delineating soils in relation to local water-table influences, and with TWI delineating where the water would flow and accumulate.     

基于DEM的山区冬季燃煤污染物排放遥感测算——以北京市门头沟区为例

选择山地面积占98.5%的北京市门头沟区作为研究区,利用资源三号（ZY-3）三线阵前、后视影像构建立体模型,提取数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model,DEM）.由高分二号影像,基于CART（Classification and Regression Tree）决策树的面向对象方法对居住房屋进行提取,获取空间分布与面积,并结合采暖面积、采暖季燃煤量等抽样调研数据确定的深、浅山区（海拔>300m为深山区,海拔<300m为浅山区）燃煤系数,建立燃煤量估算模型.进一步,基于文献调研法获取型煤排放因子,测算燃煤产生的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO_x、SO₂、CO的排放量.结果表明：借助遥感技术,基于DEM可对山区燃煤污染物排放量进行快速有效测算.地形对冬季燃煤量有显著影响,深山区燃煤系数分别为12.5kg/m²,浅山区为9.375kg/m².2017年门头沟使用型煤取暖的房屋面积为5.68km²,冬季燃煤总量为6.52万t,山区各镇大气污染物排放量差别较大.     

基于ASTER GDEM的延河流域水系提取及面积高程积分研究

以延河流域为例,基于ASTER GDEM,采用图解建模方法提取河网进行面积高程积分分析.结果表明,汇流阈值越大,河道数目、河道总长和河网密度均呈现持续下降趋势;当汇流阈值为6200时,河网密度为0.28,趋于平稳;不同汇流阈值产生的河网形态各有差异,阈值越大,生成河网越稀疏,反之越密集.面积高程积分HI分析结果表明,延河大多区域处于发育壮年期,处于发育幼年期、壮年期和老年期面积分别约占总面积的0.4％、98.2％和1.4％.     

三峡水库建设期秭归县土地利用变化与地形因素的关系

分析水库建设期秭归县地形因素对土地利用变化的影响，对后三峡管理运行期土地资源保护与自然社会协调发展具有重要意义。使用1992、2007年两期1∶50 000土地利用分类结果和10 m DEM数据等，基于GIS栅格运算，研究秭归县15 a来土地利用变化与地形因素的关系。结果表明：旱地、园地是变化面积最大的地类，而园地、人工表面是面积增长率最高的地类。旱地、园地变化在地形的分异呈现互补性，主要发生在海拔＜800 m、坡度＜25°、非阳坡地区；灌木林在海拔＞1 100 m、坡度范围15~45°及阳坡、半阳坡面积增加较多，乔木林向灌木林转换主要发生在海拔>1 100 m、坡度25~35°、阳坡及半阳坡地区；乔木林减少面积最多在35~45°、阳坡地区；草地减少主要发生在低海拔、15~35°、阴坡地区。建设时期下的各种政策是这些变化发生的主因。在未来人口增长、经济发展条件下，缓解人地关系压力必须合理规划土地资源，保障土地利用集约化     

Modeling flooding extent from Hurricane Floyd in the coastal plains of North Carolina

Abstract

In this article two modeling approaches were developed based on the use of US Geological Survey digital elevation model (DEM) data. These models were utilized to delineate the extent of flooding induced by precipitation from Hurricane Floyd in a portion of Pitt County, North Carolina. The patterns of flood extent derived from the two models were compared to the extent of flooding indicated on a digital aerial photograph taken two days after peak flood levels had been reached. In addition, floodplain boundaries based on Federal Emergency Management Agency Q3 maps were compared to the extent of flooding on the aerial photo. Actual emergency response operations undertaken through the Pitt County Emergency Operations Center during the flood event are described, and are used to provide a context for evaluating the potential utility of these models. The flood extents produced by the modeling methods performed well at representing the actual extent of the flooding.