大庆地区地面沉降问题初探

地面沉降是目前国内外常见的典型地质灾害之一.简要介绍了大庆地区的地质环境及地下水开采历史和现状,利用已有的资料对大庆地区由于地下水开采而引起的地面沉降量进行了预测,对其地面沉降问题进行了初步探讨.研究结果对进一步开展大庆地区地面沉降研究、国土资源整治和地质灾害防治等工作有一定的参考价值.     

我国湖泊的环境问题及治理对策

我国湖泊众多,类型多样,分布不均衡;以浅水、小型、老年消亡期为主,富营养化特征系浮游植物响应型为主;水源污染主要是富营养化和有机污染;污染治理对策应以生态系统修复为根本,控制陆源污染物为前提。     

EVALUATION OF SOME APPROACHES TO ESTIMATING NON-POINT POLLUTANT LOADS FOR UNMONITORED AREAS1

ABSTRACT: Evaluation of the non-point source pollutant load entering a lake from multiple tributaries requires either that all tributaries be monitored or that some extrapolation method be used to estimate loads originating in areas not monitored. Unmonitored areas include not only watersheds of tributaries that are not monitored, but also portions of a monitored tributary's drainage basin downstream from the monitoring site and areas of direct drainage. Significant portions of large lake drainage basins are often not monitored, and loads for these areas are often estimated by extrapolation. Six simple extrapolation procedures were evaluated by using them to estimate loads for areas that had been monitored and comparing the estimated loads with the monitored loads. Three approaches were based on inter-basin ratios of area, C-factor, and discharge. The other approaches used regression relationships between concentration and flow to estimate concentrations for the unmonitored basin. The ratio approaches generally were more reliable than the regression approaches. However, extrapolation by any method tested was not very precise. Some methods also were biased when applied to watersheds of a size different than the monitored one. Extrapolation by any of these methods would compromise the precision of the lake-wide load estimate, if the unmonitored area were a significant part of the entire basin.     

基于土地利用变化的生态服务价值损益估算--以大庆市为例

土地利用／覆盖变化遥感研究表明，大庆市自1988年以来土地利用状态变化很大，由此引起了该区域生态环境的一系列响应及其生态系统服务价值的变化。以大庆市1988年和2001年的Landsat TM图像解译数据为基础，应用Costanza等人对全球生态系统服务价值的测算方法，分析了该市土地利用变化及其所引起的生态系统服务价值的变化。研究结果表明，13年间，大庆市土地利用的变化损害了该区域生态系统的生态服务功能，使生态系统服务价值损失了20．76％-24．01％。     

A CARLSON-TYPE TROPHIC STATE INDEX FOR NITROGEN IN FLORIDA LAKES1

: A data base consisting of predominantly nitrogen limited Florida lakes from the National Eutrophication Survey (NES) was used to develop a trophic state index based on total nitrogen concentration. This index was compared with Carlson's (1977) index based on total phosphorus concentration, and the lesser of the two values for each lake was averaged with indices based on Secchi disk transparency and chlorophyll a concentration to assess the trophic state of the 40 Florida NES lakes.     

Spatial and Temporal Comparison of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles in Remote European Lakes

Spheroidal carbonaceous particles (SCP) and polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been measured in the dated sediment cores of 10 remote lakes distributed across Europe. The geographic trends were evaluated by examination of the superficial sediment fluxes and total sediment inventories. The highest levels of both markers were observed in the Eastern European lakes whereas the minimal values corresponded to the lake located in the Arctic. However, this SCP-PAH correlation was not observed after exclusion of the end member lakes from the series. The temporal trends of both pollutant markers are consistent with the history of pyrolytic emissions over Europe. However, the downcore SCP distributions are shorter than the PAH profiles in nearly all lakes. The differences are probably related to the different size particle fractions involved in the measurement of each marker, >5 and >1 m for SCP and PAH, respectively. Thus, the two proxies probably reflect pollution inputs from closer (SCP) and more distant sites (PAH).     

长江中下游地区湖泊富营养化的硅藻指示性属种

在对长江中下游地区45个湖泊表层沉积硅藻属种分布及多次季节性水样调查的基础上,研究了57个常见硅藻属种对总磷指标的生态学特征.利用加权平均回归方法,计算出常见属种对总磷指标响应的生态最佳值及忍耐幅度.根据生态学理论得出,属种Cyclotellameneghiniana、C.atomus、Stephanodiscusparvus、S.minutulus、Naviculasubminiscula是长江中下游湖泊富营养化发生的很好的指示性属种;而Aulacoseiraalpigea、Cyclostephanosdubius、C.tholiformis、C.invisitatus、Stephanodiscushantzschii、Naviculacirtrus、Nitzschiaagnita、N.subacicularis等则是潜在的湖泊富营养化的指示性属种.     

长江中下游浅水湖泊沉积物对磷的吸附特征

研究了长江中下游浅水湖泊1 1个沉积物对磷的吸附等温线及其吸附动力学,并分析了沉积物理化特征对磷吸附特征的影响,研究发现:①沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附主要在前1 0h内完成,在0.5h内吸附反应十分迅速,并逐渐达到吸附平衡;②沉积物本底吸附态磷与其有机质、CEC、总磷、无机磷、有机磷、Fe/Al 磷和总氮显著正相关;对磷酸盐的最大吸附量与其CEC和无机磷、有机质和总磷呈显著负相关;而总最大吸附磷量与其有机质、CEC、总磷、无机磷、有机磷、Fe/Al 磷和总氮含量呈显著正相关;③就目前长江中下游浅水湖泊的水质而言,其沉积物存在解析;沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附 解吸平衡浓度与其有机质,CEC ,总氮,总磷以及各形态磷含量均有显著的正相关关系.本研究条件下,即使是污染较为严重的湖泊,其沉积物也具有向上覆水体释磷酸盐的趋势.     

长江中下游浅水湖泊紫外辐射的衰减

基于对长江中下游22个浅水湖泊有色可溶性有机物吸收的测量,运用经验模式估算了紫外辐射(UV-B、UV-A)在长江中下游湖泊的衰减及对应的穿透深度,并利用在武汉东湖实测的紫外辐射衰减进行了检验.结果表明,UV-B波段的320nm和UV-A波段的380nm衰减系数变化范围分别为2.05～21.00m^-1,1.07～12.85m^-1,对应的1%穿透深度分别为0.22～2.25m,0.36～4.29m.估算得到的紫外辐射衰减系数与DOC浓度均存在显著性正相关,但UV-B波段要高于UV-A波段.武汉东湖实测的紫外辐射衰减检验发现,基于CDOM吸收系数估算UV-B辐射衰减较为精确,而由于浮游植物吸收和悬浮物散射等影响对UV-A波段估算精度则明显下降.     

太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中重金属的含量

用ICP—AES方法测定太湖梅梁湾水体悬浮颗粒物中的Co,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,Zn等重金属元素,以及Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Na,Sr,Ti,V等相关金属元素的含量,并分析了沉积物中相关元素的含量和分布特征．悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,Al,Ba,Be,Ca,Co,Fe,K,Mg,Pb,V等元素的含量高出表层沉积物10％-30％,Sr和Ti与沉积物中的含量相当,Na的含量则显著低于沉积物．重金属元素在悬浮物中表现出较强的富集作用．从污水入湖口到湾心,悬浮物中Cr,Cu,Pb,Zn含量呈明显降低的趋势,反映出直湖港对太湖的污染作用仍十分严重．但沉积物中重金属含量并未表现出自港口到湾心显著降低的趋势,说明该区域沉积物对水体重金属污染的记录信息可能失真．水体悬浮物的重金属含量可以很好地反映水体的污染状况及其潜在的生态效应．