金沙江河谷大气二氧化碳浓度变化特征及影响因子

大气CO₂是重要的温室气体,其浓度变化与气候变化、植物生长、人类活动等密切相关.为了解高原地区近自然状态下大气CO₂浓度变化及其影响因子,选取气象要素变化较明显、人为干扰较少的金沙江河谷为研究对象,在谷底江岸边的稀树草坪上设置观测点,对大气CO₂浓度和主要气象要素进行连续对照观测,经数据计算并采用Pearson相关系数对其相关性进行分析.结果表明:①研究区大气c（CO₂）日变化和年变化均具有波动性,日最高值（316.2 μmol/L）和最低值（291.0 μmol/L）分别出现在09:00和13:00左右,年最高值（338.9 μmol/L）和最低值（228.5 μmol/L）分别出现在10月和7月;季节性变化呈春、夏两季低于秋、冬两季的特征.②研究区大气c（CO₂）与温度呈显著负相关（r=-0.97,P < 0.01）,即白天温度高而大气c（CO₂）低,夜间温度低而大气c（CO₂）高.研究区大气c（CO₂）与相对湿度呈显著正相关（r=0.97,P < 0.01）,00:00-07:00大气c（CO₂）和相对湿度均缓慢上升,09:00-12:00大气c（CO₂）和相对湿度均快速下降.研究区大气c（CO₂）与风速呈显著负相关（r=-0.93,P < 0.01）,其与风对大气c（CO₂）有扩散作用相关;不同季节大气c（CO₂）最高值或最低值所对应的风向有所不同.研究显示,金沙江河谷大气c（CO₂）的时间变化特征明显,其与温度、相对湿度、风速、风向等气象要素的变化密切相关.      

云南怒江流域可持续发展对策研究

论述了云南怒江流域可持续发展的战略意义 ,分析了该区域生态经济格局与资源环境特征 ,并提出了怒江流域可持续发展的对策建议。     

Environmental Contaminants in Blood, Hair, and Tissues of Ocelots from the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, 1986–1997

The ocelot (Felis pardalis) isan endangered neotropical cat distributed within asmall range in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV), inTexas, U.S.A. Studies of the impacts of environmentalcontaminants in wild cats are few. Approximately onefourth of the estimated population (about 100) ofocelots in the LRGV was sampled to evaluate theimpacts of chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinatedbiphenyls, and trace elements on the population. Hairwas collected from 32 ocelots trapped between 1986–1992,and blood was collected from 20 ocelots trappedbetween 1993–1997. A few blood samples were obtainedfrom individuals recaptured two or three times. Tissue samples from 4 road-killed ocelots were alsoanalyzed. DDE, PCBs, and Hg were some of the mostcommon contaminants detected in hair and blood. MeanHg levels in hair ranged from 0.5 to 1.25 g g^-1 dw,Se from 1.5 to 3.48 g g^-1 dw, and Pb from 0.56 to26.8 g g^-1 dw. Mean DDE concentrations in plasma ranged from 0.005 g g^-1 ww to 0.153 g g^-1 ww, and PCBs ranged from 0.006 g g^-1 ww to 0.092 g g^-1 ww. Mean Hg levels in red blood cells rangedfrom 0.056 g g^-1 dw to 0.25 g g^-1 dw. Concentrations of DDE, PCBs, or Hg, did not increasesignificantly with age, although the highestconcentrations of DDE and Hg were found in olderanimals. Overall, concentrations of DDE, PCBs, and Hgwere low and at levels that currently do not pose anythreat to health or survival of the ocelot. This isfurther supported by good reproduction of the ocelotin the LRGV, where adult females averaged about 1.5kittens/litter. Thus, it seems that the current majorthreat to recovery of the ocelot in the LRGV may behabitat loss, although potential impacts of newgeneration pesticides, such as organophosphorus andcarbamate insecticides need further study.     

水中亚硝酸根的现场测定及在地下水污染调查中的应用

以对氨基苯磺酸为重氮组分,α-萘胺为显色剂,采用便携式分光光度计,建立了环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮的现场快速测定方法,并将其用于玛纳斯河流域地下水污染调查评价。结果表明:亚硝酸盐氮在0.010~0.200 mg/L时有良好的线性关系,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,加标回收率(n=5)为90.0%~104.0%,相对标准偏差为0.54%~1.27%,测定结果能够准确反映不同位置环境水体中亚硝酸盐的污染程度。该方法测试成本低,操作简便、快捷,尤其适用于地表水及地下水水质污染调查评价及污染事故的应急监测分析等领域。     

淮河流域水污染防治与生态经济思考

淮河流域水环境严重污染的形成,既有历史社会经济发展中忽视环境保护、欠帐过多的问题,也有水资源条件差、环境容量较小的问题。淮河流域水环境污染多种多样,既有工业点源,又有农业和农村面源,还有人口迅速膨胀及城镇迅速发展所带来的污染。淮河流域水环境污染是生态经济问题。因此,解决淮河流域水环境污染问题,仅仅做到治理工业污染源、建立城市污水处理厂,是远远不够的。要从根本上解决淮河流域水环境问题,则应当在１９９５ 年淮河流域对工业污染源和城市生活污水治理进行规划的基础上,就人口、资源、环境、社会、经济进行综合考虑,从生态经济角度进一步做好全面的水环境规划。在规划中尤其要突出可持续发展,并在实施可持续发展中解决污染问题,要在工业、农业中普遍实行清洁生产,要注意节约水资源和合理利用水资源,注意控制人口增长并提高人口素质,在农村城镇化水平迅速提高的同时做好城镇生活污水利用和处理。     

清江流域国土资源与可持续发展初探

国土资源是社会发展的基础要素 ,合理开发和高效利用国土资源是区域持续发展的根本保证。从清江流域的国土资源出发 ,分析了清江流域优越的水能资源、丰富的旅游资源、独特的气候资源、种类繁多的生物资源与矿产资源等区域持续发展的基础和优势。另一方面 ,清江流域脆弱的生态环境、频繁的自然灾害和落后的经济等在一定条件下限制着本区域的可持续发展。在综合分析的基础上 ,初步提出了清江流域在农业资源、水资源、旅游资源及人力资源开发、灾害治理方面的建议和对策 ,以期实现本区域社会经济的可持续发展。     

HYDROLOGIC IMPLICATIONS OF GREATER GROUND‐WATER RECHARGE TO LAS VEGAS VALLEY,NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: Published estimates of natural recharge in Las Vegas Valley range between 21,000 and 35,000 acre‐feet per year. This study examined the underlying assumptions of previous investigations and evaluated the altitude‐precipitation relationships. Period‐of‐record averages from high altitude precipitation gages established in the 1940s through the 1990s, were used to determine strong local altitude‐precipitation relationships that indicate new total precipitation and natural recharge amounts and a new spatial distribution of that recharge. This investigation calculated about 51,000 acre‐feet per year of natural recharge in the Las Vegas Hydrographic Basin, with an additional 6,000 acre‐feet per year from areas tributary to Las Vegas Valley, for a total of 57,000 acre‐feet per year. The total amount of natural recharge is greater than estimates from earlier investigations and is consistent with a companion study of natural discharge, which estimated 53,000 acre‐feet per year of outflow. The hydrologic implications of greater recharge in Las Vegas Valley infer a more accurate ground‐water budget and a better understanding of ground‐water recharge that will be represented in a ground‐water model. Thus model based ground‐water management scenarios will more realistically access impacts to the ground‐water system.     

三峡库区流域藻类生长与营养盐吸收关系

根据三峡库区流域的实测数据和描述富营养污染流域中水华暴发强非线性耦合动力学模型中的控制函数,研究了缓流态水体环境中藻类生长的内在机制,并以长江三峡流域优势藻类,即绿藻的生长为例,较为系统地研究了藻类生长对N、P的吸收与水体中N、P浓度之间存在的强相互作用;藻类对营养物的吸收率ω_i与水体中营养物浓度c_x的比值(ω_i/c_x)不仅反映出三峡水域中藻类浓度对藻类吸收营养物程度的影响,而且在藻类生长与吸收各种营养成分之间还存在明显的关联性.     

三峡库区来水流量与长江流域上游前期降水的关系研究

较为准确地预估三峡库区9月份来水流量,对于安全而有效地完成三峡水库蓄水任务具有重要的实用意义。通过相关分析,发现三峡库区9月的来水流量与长江流域（Yangtze River Valley,YRV）上游大多数气象站点的8月降水量有显著的正相关,据此定义了影响三峡库区来水流量的长江流域上游前期降水关键区。计算关键区内各气象站点8月降水量的算术平均值,并对比其与三峡库区9月三峡库区来水流量的年际变化,发现两者的变化较为一致,同样具有显著的正相关关系,因此长江流域上游前期降水关键区的8月降水量可以作为预估9月三峡库区来水流量的一个重要因子,这可以为三峡水库蓄水计划的制定提供一定的参考依据。还分析了相应的大气环流背景,发现三峡库区来水流量的多少与大气环流的变化具有密切的联系,即三峡库区来水流量偏少的年份,天气形势及水汽输送等因素都不利于降水过程的发生,进而可能导致三峡库区后期的来水流量偏少;相反地,在三峡库区来水流量高值年,天气形势和水汽输送都有利于降水过程的发生,使后期三峡库区来水流量偏多     

基于景观生态法的彭州市湔江河谷乡村旅游规划研究

通过分析现阶段彭州市湔江河谷地区开展乡村旅游的综合条件和存在的问题,应用景观生态规划的理论和方法提出湔江河谷地区旅游发展的总体方向,进行生态景观要素布局,设计了三种景观斑块类型和二种景观廊道类型,构建了湔江河谷地区“一核、两轴、三叶、四区”结构,并在此基础上规划了旅游项目和景观,以期为湔江河谷地区乡村旅游开发提供依据。