清江流域国土资源与可持续发展初探

国土资源是社会发展的基础要素 ,合理开发和高效利用国土资源是区域持续发展的根本保证。从清江流域的国土资源出发 ,分析了清江流域优越的水能资源、丰富的旅游资源、独特的气候资源、种类繁多的生物资源与矿产资源等区域持续发展的基础和优势。另一方面 ,清江流域脆弱的生态环境、频繁的自然灾害和落后的经济等在一定条件下限制着本区域的可持续发展。在综合分析的基础上 ,初步提出了清江流域在农业资源、水资源、旅游资源及人力资源开发、灾害治理方面的建议和对策 ,以期实现本区域社会经济的可持续发展。     

HYDROLOGIC IMPLICATIONS OF GREATER GROUND‐WATER RECHARGE TO LAS VEGAS VALLEY,NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: Published estimates of natural recharge in Las Vegas Valley range between 21,000 and 35,000 acre‐feet per year. This study examined the underlying assumptions of previous investigations and evaluated the altitude‐precipitation relationships. Period‐of‐record averages from high altitude precipitation gages established in the 1940s through the 1990s, were used to determine strong local altitude‐precipitation relationships that indicate new total precipitation and natural recharge amounts and a new spatial distribution of that recharge. This investigation calculated about 51,000 acre‐feet per year of natural recharge in the Las Vegas Hydrographic Basin, with an additional 6,000 acre‐feet per year from areas tributary to Las Vegas Valley, for a total of 57,000 acre‐feet per year. The total amount of natural recharge is greater than estimates from earlier investigations and is consistent with a companion study of natural discharge, which estimated 53,000 acre‐feet per year of outflow. The hydrologic implications of greater recharge in Las Vegas Valley infer a more accurate ground‐water budget and a better understanding of ground‐water recharge that will be represented in a ground‐water model. Thus model based ground‐water management scenarios will more realistically access impacts to the ground‐water system.     

三峡库区流域藻类生长与营养盐吸收关系

根据三峡库区流域的实测数据和描述富营养污染流域中水华暴发强非线性耦合动力学模型中的控制函数,研究了缓流态水体环境中藻类生长的内在机制,并以长江三峡流域优势藻类,即绿藻的生长为例,较为系统地研究了藻类生长对N、P的吸收与水体中N、P浓度之间存在的强相互作用;藻类对营养物的吸收率ω_i与水体中营养物浓度c_x的比值(ω_i/c_x)不仅反映出三峡水域中藻类浓度对藻类吸收营养物程度的影响,而且在藻类生长与吸收各种营养成分之间还存在明显的关联性.     

汉江流域开发史上的环境问题

汉江流域全面开发的契机是明清时流域外移民的大规模移入以及由此而引起的人口的大幅度增殖。流域经济的全面开发导致了对流域生态环境的破坏，主要表现在两方面：（）上中游山区因滥垦殖，导致森林破坏，水土流失逐渐加重，生态环境最终全面恶化；（２）下游江汉平原垸田围垦恶性膨胀，湮塞河湖，导致水系紊乱，洪涝灾害频繁。     

湖北侧长江三峡河谷地形对风速的影响

选取地处长江三峡河谷(湖北侧)的香溪长江公路大桥桥位区(郭家坝站)附近沿江3个气象站、6个自动站多年的风速、风向资料进行对比分析,讨论了峡谷对河谷内不同区域风速的不同影响。结果表明:在水平方向上,烟墩堡、郭家坝、庙堡等临江3站平均风速偏大、最大风速及极大风速出现大值频次偏高,狭管效应明显,其余非临江站则受局地地形遮蔽影响平均风速偏小、最大风速及极大风速出现大值频率偏低;在垂直方向上,150 m以下风速几乎没有明显的高度变化,实测风廓线指数几乎为0;桥位处阵风性强,阵风系数为1.56。     

汉江上游风成谷地黄土的重矿物组成特征及意义

汉江流域位于黄土高原南侧,属中国南北气候的过渡区域,其重矿物组成对区域沉积物物质来源与演化研究具有重要意义。运用强磁选、重液分离法等技术手段将汉江上游谷地黄土沉积物中的重矿物提取出来,在双目显微镜和偏光显微镜下测定其含量和特征。结果表明:(1)汉江黄土重矿物有22种,其中角闪石、磁铁矿、钛铁矿等矿物为优势矿物,占重矿物总量的60%以上;稳定矿物约占重矿物总量的47.95%,是汉江黄土最主要的矿物组合。(2)典型黄土和古土壤中重矿物种类相同,但含量有一定差异,马兰黄土(L1)相较古土壤(S0)不稳定矿物含量较高,稳定矿物含量较低;(3)汉江黄土与北侧黄土高原黄土相比重矿物种类相似,稳定性组合分布一致,但汉江黄土稳定性矿物含量较高,不稳定性矿物含量较低。这些特征说明:(1)汉江上游地区古土壤和黄土物质来源一致,古土壤S0在物质组成上继承了黄土,是黄土高度风化的产物;(2)汉江谷地黄土和黄土高原风成黄土两者的物源区一致,但汉江地区黄土受到较黄土高原地区强的风化成壤作用。     

Effect of short-term regional traffic restriction on urban submicron particulate pollution

During the 2013 and 2015 Lanzhou International Marathon Events(LIME1 and LIME2),the local government made a significant effort to improve traffic conditions and air quality by implementing traffic restriction measures. To fill the gap in information on the effect of short-period(several hours)traffic control on urban air quality,submicron particle size distributions and meteorological data were measured simultaneously during June 2013 and June 2015 in urban Lanzhou. The number and surface area concentrations of particles in the100–200 nm range declined by 67.2% and 65.0% for LIME1 due to traffic control,while they decreased by 39.2% and 37.1% for LIME2. The impact of traffic restriction on air pollution near the sampling site lagged behind the traffic control period for LIME2. In addition,the effect of traffic restriction on air pollution near the sampling site was dependent on the distance between the relative orientation of the sampling site and traffic-restricted zones,as well as meteorological conditions such as wind direction. The influence of traffic restrictions on the particle concentrations differed for different particle sizes. The size range most affected by traffic restriction was 60–200 and 60–300 nm for number and surface area concentrations in the urban environment,respectively,while for the particle volume concentration it was the 100–600 nm range. This study will provide a basis for implementation of future urban traffic-induced particulate pollution control measures.     

伊犁河谷夏季PM2.5和PM10中水溶性无机离子浓度特征和形成机制

区域尺度大气颗粒物的同步观测与分析是制定大气污染防治策略的重要途径.为研究伊犁河谷城市群大气颗粒物和水溶性无机离子的空间分布特征,于2021年7月19~29日期间同步采集伊宁市和周边三县大气颗粒物样品,深入分析了PM_2.5和PM₁₀中9种水溶性无机离子（WSIIs）的空间分布特征、存在形式和影响因素,并对二次无机颗粒物的形成机制进行了探讨.结果表明,夏季伊犁河谷城市群ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（PM₁₀）均值分别为（23±3）μg ·m^-3和（59±7）μg ·m^-3,伊宁市受本地工业源和移动源排放影响,导致其PM_2.5浓度在区域中最高;伊宁县受扬尘源和地形影响,使其PM₁₀浓度在区域中最高;而霍城县的良好扩散条件使其PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度最低.PM_2.5和PM₁₀中WSIIs占比分别介于28.2%~29.9%和16.0%~20.2%之间.4种主要离子（SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和Ca²⁺）占到WSIIs的90%左右,在PM_2.5中浓度大小排序为：SO₄^2->Ca²⁺>NH₄⁺>NO₃^-,在PM₁₀中浓度大小排序为：SO₄^2->Ca²⁺>NO₃^->NH₄⁺;相关性研究结果显示4个城市SO₄^2-浓度相近主要是由区域输送所致,而Ca²⁺在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中占比高于国内大部分城市反映出伊犁河谷核心区城市受扬尘源的影响较大.PM_2.5和PM₁₀中n（NO₃^-）/n（SO₄^2-）分别为0.78和0.76,表明伊犁河谷受固定源影响大于移动源;4个城市n（NO₃^-）/n（SO₄^2-）的大小排序为：伊宁市>霍城县>伊宁县>察县,与各城市机动车保有量大小一致,反映出伊宁市受机动车等移动源的影响高于周边三县.二次组分主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在,各城市NH₄⁺与SO₄^2-反应后均有盈余,盈余的铵盐在伊宁市主要以NH₄NO₃存在,与伊宁市较高的NO₂浓度有关.夏季PM_2.5和PM₁₀中NOR变化幅度分别为0.03~0.10和0.03~0.16,受夏季高温影响导致NO₃^-二次转化较弱;SOR分别介于0.21~0.41和0.23~0.44之间,察县相对较高的湿度使其SOR较高,而霍城县受区域输送影响使其SOR高于伊宁市.形成机制表明：察县和伊宁市的SO₄^2-主要由非均相反应生成,伊宁县主要由均相反应产生,而霍城县SO₄^2-的形成机制较为复杂,受到均相反应和非均相反应的共同影响.     

Nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in PM2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon: Characteristics and sources in the highly polluted mountain valley

This study reports for the first time a comprehensive analysis of nitrogenous and carbonaceous aerosols in simultaneously collected PM_2.5 and TSP during pre-monsoon (March–May 2018) from a highly polluted urban Kathmandu Valley (KV) of the Himalayan foothills. The mean mass concentration of PM_2.5 (129.8 µg/m³) was only ~25% of TSP mass (558.7 µg/ m³) indicating the dominance of coarser mode aerosols. However, the mean concentration as well as fractional contributions of water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN) and carbonaceous species reveal their predominance in find-mode aerosols. The mean mass concentration of WSTN was 17.43±4.70 µg/m³ (14%) in PM_2.5 and 24.64±8.07 µg/m³ (5%) in TSP. Moreover, the fractional contribution of total carbonaceous aerosols (TCA) is much higher in PM_2.5 (~34%) than that in TSP (~20%). The relatively low OC/EC ratio in PM_2.5 (3.03 ± 1.47) and TSP (4.64 ± 1.73) suggests fossil fuel combustion as the major sources of carbonaceous aerosols with contributions from secondary organic aerosols. Five-day air mass back trajectories simulated with the HYSPLIT model, together with MODIS fire counts indicate the influence of local emissions as well as transported pollutants from the Indo-Gangetic Plain region to the south of the Himalayan foothills. Principal component analysis (PCA) also suggests a mixed contribution from other local anthropogenic, biomass burning, and crustal sources. Our results highlight that it is necessary to control local emissions as well as regional transport while designing mitigation measures to reduce the KV's air pollution.     

Agricultural pesticide residues of farm runoff in the Okanagan Valley,British Columbia,Canada

The objectives of this study were to determine environmental occurrence and concentrations of selected currently-used-pesticides and some transformation products in agricultural farms in the Okanagan Valley (OKV), and to conduct a simple risk assessment of environmental pesticides levels detected in OKV on non-target aquatic organisms. The OKV is the tree fruit country of the Province of British Columbia where considerable amount of pesticides are applied annually. Water, sediment and soil samples were collected at eleven sites in early June and late September following rainfall events and/or extended periods of irrigation from drainage ditches and/or from small streams. Undisturbed reference sites were also sampled. Study results showed that forty of the eighty chemicals analyzed, including organochlorine, nitrogen-containing and organophosphate pesticides commonly used for OKV crops, were detected in runoff and small stream water samples. Among which, endosulfan-sulfate was the most frequently detected chemical. Also, azinophos-methyl (0.699–25.5 ng/L), diazinon (0.088–214 ng/L) exceeded, and α-, β- endosulfan, endosulfan sulphate approached the guidelines for the protection of aquatic life.