Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Lake Erhai, Southwest China

The temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in a sediment core from Lake Erhal in Southwest China using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method.The total organic carbon (TOC) normalized total PAHs concentrations (sum of US Environmental Protection Agency proposed 16 priority PAHs) ranged from 31.9 to 269 μg/g dry weight (dw),and were characterized by a slowly increasing stage in the deeper sediments and a sharp increasing stage in the upper sediments.The PAHs in the sediments were dominated by low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs,suggesting that the primary source of PAHs was low- and moderate temperature combustion processes.However,both the significant increase in high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs in the upper sediments and the vertical profile of diagnostic ratios pointed out a change in the sources of PAHs from low-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion.The ecotoxicological assessment based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines implied that potential adverse biological impacts were possible for benzo(ghi)perylenelene and most LMW PAHs.In addition,the total BaP equivalent quotient of seven carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (BaA,CHr,BbF,BkF,BaP,DBA and INP) was 106.1 ng/g,according to the toxic equivalency factors.Although there was no great biological impact associated with the HMW PAlls,great attention should be paid to these PAH components based on their rapid increase in the upper sediments.     

Historical trends of heavy metal contamination and their sources in lacustrine sediment from Xijiu Lake, Taihu Lake Catchment, China

Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Hg in Xijiu Lake sediment from the Taihu Lake catchment, China, were analyzed. Their contamination state was investigated based on the geoaccumulation index and enrichment factors. Statistical analysis was used to differentiate the anthropogenic versus natural sources of heavy metals (HMs), and the anthropogenic accumulation fluxes were calculated to quantify anthropogenic contribution to HMs. The results indicated that the lake sediment had been heavily contaminated by Cd, enrichment of Zn and Hg was at a relatively high level, while that of Cu and Pb was in the lower-to-moderate level and Cr was in the low enrichment level. Sources of Cr in the sediment were mainly from natural inputs, while other metals, especially Cd, were predominantly derived from anthropogenic sources. In the past century, anthropogenic accumulation fluxes of Pb, Zn and Hg increased by 0.1-47.3 mg/(cm².yr), 2.4-398.1 mg/(cm².yr), and 3.7-110.3 ng/(m².yr), respectively, accounting for most inputs of HMs entering the sediment. The contamination state of HMs varied with industrial development of the catchment, which demonstrated that contamination started in the early 20th century, reached the maximal level between the mid-1970s and mid-1990s, and decreased a little after the implementation of constraints on high contamination industries, although the contamination of some HMs, such as Cd, Zn and Hg, is still at high levels.     

巢湖周边地区表层土壤总氮有机质空间分布特征

采用网格分区法在巢湖周边地区设置了60个采样单元,采取表层土样分析了总氮(TN)、有机质(OM)的空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)表层土壤w(TN)平均值为1 027 mg/kg,变化范围253 mg/kg~2 273 mg/kg,变异系数为46.3%;w(OM)平均值为1.95%,变化范围0.291%~5.48%,变异系数为49.3%。(2)表层土壤w(TN)、w(OM)高浓度地区主要集中在东部的柘皋河、兆河区域,低浓度地区主要集中在西部的派河、南淝河—店埠河区域。(3)巢湖周边地区土壤总氮、有机质空间分布与区域内入湖河流、巢湖水质、巢湖沉积物污染空间分布不一致。     

淀山湖入湖水质净化的生态工程实践研究

作为上海境内最大的天然淡水湖泊以及黄浦江上游重要的水源保护地,淀山湖的水质状况对上海市饮用水水源安全起着举足轻重的作用。文章运用生物治理与工程措施相结合的手段,在淀山湖大朱厍港实施了净化人湖水质的生态工程试验。研究表明工程示范区域存在风浪大、水位较深、水流较急等特点,是水生植被尤其是沉水植物恢复的重要限制因素。通过选择...     

淀山湖沉积物碳-氮垂直分布特征

近年来,经过一系列污染治理措施,淀山湖的营养水平持续下降,但每年仍有不同程度的蓝藻水华暴发,严重影响其作为水源地的安全性。为了进一步探讨淀山湖水质改善策略,本研究对淀山湖沉积物营养状况进行了调查研究,分析了淀山湖沉积物碳、氮分布特征及垂直变化规律,并用沉积物肥力评价了淀山湖沉积物营养程度。结果表明,淀山湖沉积物营养盐存在明显的富集作用,二十多年来沉积物碳、氮含量大幅上升,表层沉积物均属于重污染状态。空间分布上,沉积物营养盐北部高,南部低,北部样点大部分属于重污染状态,南部样点基本属于中污染状态。垂直分布上,受航道回淤与北部围网养殖影响,部分样点营养盐垂直分布规律不显著,其他样点均表现出随深度增加营养盐显著降低的趋势。除出水口D1样点外,淀山湖有机质与TN表现出显著的同源相关性,表明有机质是淀山湖内源负荷的主要来源。     

土著微生物修复城市小型湖泊实验研究

利用生物制剂及生物修复技术对鞍山市英泽湖进行了净化治理.研究结果表明,经过8～30 d的生物净化,该湖水中的COD、植物营养元素浓度及浊度都有了大幅度的下降.其中COD降至20 mg/L以下,去除率达到70%以上;氨氮降至0.2 mg/L以下,去除率达97%;总磷降低至0.02 mg/L以下,去除率达到60%以上;浊度...     

环太湖不同性质河流水体磷的时空分布特征

为了解不同性质河流对太湖水体富营养化的影响,于2009年2月(枯水期)、2009年5月(平水期)、2009年8月(丰水期)对环太湖三类9条河流中不同形态磷的沿程和时间变化特征进行了研究.结果表明,总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)和溶解性反应磷(SRP)质量浓度随枯、平、丰水期而呈降低趋势,可酶解磷(EHP)质量浓度随着枯、平、丰水期藻类生物量的升高而升高.受生活污水影响的河流水体中各形态磷的质量浓度都是最高的,但由于此类河流从上游到下游水体自净能力很好,其对太湖富营养化的影响最小.受工业废水影响河流在与太湖交界处各形态磷的质量浓度最大,对太湖富营养化的影响也最大.入湖河流的EHP质量浓度多数情况下远远高于SRP质量浓度,EHP对太湖蓝藻的暴发起关键性作用.     

富营养化水体中黑水团的吸收及反射特性分析

对黑水团水体光学特性进行研究,是利用遥感技术监测和评估黑水团事件的前提.针对2015年7月在太湖发生的黑水团现象,采集了太湖黑水团区(区域一)、蓝藻水华区(区域二)、清水区(区域三)共36个水样,对这3个区域的水体遥感反射率以及吸收特性进行对比分析.结果表明:1区域一水体的总颗粒物、色素颗粒物和非色素颗粒物吸收系数比区域二、区域三高出1~2倍,在400~500 nm之间,区域一CDOM吸收系数相比另外两个区域的水体高出2倍左右.导致黑水团区域水体具有很低的遥感反射率,被人眼感知时呈现为黑色;2黑水团区域水体M值低于滇池、巢湖和太湖的M值变化范围,说明黑水团中CDOM的腐殖酸含量较高.此外,叶绿素a浓度与CDOM在350 nm处吸收系数之间具有很好的相关性,表明蓝藻的降解可能是黑水团中CDOM的一个主要来源;3在380 nm之后,黑水团区域的水体总吸收以色素颗粒物占主导,但在短波350~380 nm处,CDOM对总吸收的贡献率高于色素颗粒物和非色素颗粒物.     

巢湖水体组分垂向分布特征及其对水下光场的影响

富营养化湖泊不同组分垂向分布及其对水下光场的影响是湖泊水环境遥感领域亟待开展的内容.利用巢湖野外实测数据,分析水体不同组分垂向分布特征,结合Hydrolight辐射传输模型模拟研究水体不同组分垂向分布对漫衰减系数Kd的影响.结果表明,巢湖水体悬浮物以及有色可溶性有机物CDOM垂向分布较为均一,水面未发生藻华现象时叶绿素a垂向分布符合高斯正态分布,漫衰减系数Kd受叶绿素a以及无机悬浮物的显著影响,其垂向变化复杂多样,以往以水体光学性质均一为前提计算得到的Kd仅仅表示其衰减的平均情况,不能精确反映水下光场的垂向变化,因此研究水体组分垂向分布特征及其对漫衰减系数Kd的影响是开展藻类垂向分布异质性对水下光场影响机制研究的前提和基础.     

滴水湖及其水体交换区沉积物和土壤中PAHs的分布及生态风险评价

采用GC-MS联用技术分析了滴水湖及其水体交换区23个表层沉积物和土壤中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,探讨其分布特征及来源并对其生态风险进行评价.结果表明,滴水湖沉积物中16种PAHs含量范围是11.49~157.09 ng·g-1,平均含量为66.60 ng·g-1,湖区沉积物中PAHs含量比入湖区低,但比出湖区高.湖区外的沉积物和土壤中PAHs组成主要以中、高分子量PAHs(4环、5~6环)为主,而湖区内表层沉积物中PAHs组成则以低分子量PAHs(2~3环)和高分子量PAHs(5~6环)为主.通过特征化合物分子比值法、主成分分析及多元线性回归模型判源,表明湖区外沉积物和土壤中PAHs来源主要为燃烧源,而湖区内沉积物中PAHs来源为燃烧源和石油类产品泄漏的混合来源.生态风险评价显示,滴水湖及其水体交换区沉积物和土壤中PAHs生态风险较低.