跨界流域污染防治:基于合作博弈的视角

随着经济的高速发展,跨界流域污染问题在我国越发严重起来.从国外解决跨界流域污染的实践经验来看,各个地区采取合作治理污染物的方式防治跨界流域污染,是解决跨界流域污染问题比较经济可行的方式.从国内外众多研究来看,现有研究仅限于利用博弈理论分析完全合作情况下的收益分配问题,并没有对收益分配后,各合作者所形成的合作是否稳定、收益分配是否公平进行讨论与深入分析.论文以此为切入点,利用跨界流域污染合作治理思路,以河南省贾鲁河流域的4 个地区为实证研究对象进行了实证分析.从博弈理论的角度详细地分析了各个地区进行合作防治跨界流域污染的思路、方式,并对各个地区之间进行合作治理污染物时的稳定性进行了讨论.研究结果显示,在进行合作治理污染物时,不同地区的边际污染物减排成本差异是各个地区能否进行合作防治跨界流域污染的关键,并且不同的收益/成本分担机制对不同地区长期、稳定地开展合作治理污染物也有较大的影响.     

洱海沉积物中溶解性有机氮季节性变化

选取洱海10个表层沉积物样品,研究不同季节DON（溶解性有机氮）和易分解组分DFAA（游离氨基酸）的含量变化. 结果表明:①洱海沉积物中w(DON)在10.41~59.58 mg/kg之间,平均值为27.43 mg/kg,约占w(TDN)(溶解性总氮质量分数)的40%,w(TN)的6%,其季节性变化呈春季>冬季>夏季>秋季的趋势,各季节洱海不同湖区均呈南部>北部>中部的特点;②洱海沉积物中w(DFAA)在4.11~9.89 mg/kg之间,平均值为5.96 mg/kg,约占w(DON)的22%,占w(TDN)的9%,季节性变化呈秋季相对较高、冬春次之、夏季相对较少的趋势,区域性变化呈南北高、中间低的特点,污染较严重的区域沉积物中w(DFAA)较高;③作为沉积物活性氮重要成分,w(DON)和w(DFAA)的季节性变化明显,对湖泊氮代谢有重要影响,在水生植物旺盛区域尤为明显. 在洱海富营养化治理中,除了TN,更应关注DON在湖泊氮循环及其富营养化中的作用.      

洱海湖滨带茭草收割管理关键参数研究

为确定洱海湖滨带茭草收割管理的时间、频次及高度等关键参数,通过室外与现场模拟,研究了不同收割处理下的洱海湖滨带茭草再生率、株高等生长与生理指标.结果表明:8月和10月收割后茭草再生株的叶长和直径显著下降;10月份收割较8月份收割更不利茭草的再生长:其茭草再生长最大速率下降29.6%,再生株叶长和直径分别下降26.9%、25.9%.现场10月份对同一区域茭草进行重复收割,其恢复生长最大速率比单次8月收割下降37.1%;比单次10月份收割下降10.6%,故收割管理应以单次收割为宜.对浅水区(水深50cm)茭草沿水面收割更有利于其再生长(再生率为100%).     

滇池流域土地利用对入湖河流水质的影响

利用滇池流域2008年TM影像数据和入湖河流67个监测点的水质数据,以子流域为基本研究单元,从子流域综合分析和子流域分类分析两个角度,研究土地利用类型(国家分类标准)对入湖河流水质的影响.结果表明,21个子流域单元的水质污染指标(CODMn、TP、TN、NH3-N)与居民点及工矿用地呈显著正相关,与耕地、林地、草地呈负相关.对整个流域而言,城镇及工矿用地是入湖河流水质污染的主要来源,其污染贡献掩盖了耕地的贡献;根据土地利用结构和空间分布格局的差异,将滇池流域的21个子流域分为3类(城镇及工矿用地为主、耕地为主、林地为主).分类分析表明,水质污染指标与居民点及工矿用地始终呈现正相关,与林地始终呈现负相关.同时,讨论了土地利用空间格局差异对水质的影响,说明土地利用比例结构和分布格局对水质亦具有重要影响,     

FORECASTING FUTURE LAND USE FOR WATERSHED ASSESSMENT1

ABSTRACT: Protecting surface water quality in watersheds undergoing demographic change requires both the management of existing threats and planning to address potential future stresses arising from changing land use. Many reservoirs and threatened waterbodies are located in areas undergoing rapid population growth, and increases in density of residential and commercial land use, accompanied by increased amount of impervious surface area, can result in increased pollutant loading and degradation of water quality. Effective planning to address potential threats, including zoning and growth management, requires analytical tools to predict and compare the impacts of different management options. The focus of this paper is not on developing demographic projections, but rather the translation of such projections into changes in land use which form the basis for assessment of future watershed loads. Land use change can be forecast at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A semi-lumped, GIS-based, transition matrix approach is recommended as consistent with the level of complexity achievable in most watershed models. Practical aspects of forecasting future land use for watershed assessment are discussed. Several recent reservoir water supply projection studies are used to demonstrate a general framework for simulating changes in land use and resulting impacts on water quality. In addition to providing a technical basis for selecting optimal management alternatives, such a tool is invaluable for demonstrating to different stakeholder groups the trade-offs among management alternatives, both in terms of water quality and future land use patterns within the watershed.     

INTEGRATING DIFFUSEINONPOINT POLLUTION CONTROL AND WATER BODY RESTORATION INTO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: The objective of water quality/watershed management is attainment of water quality goals specified by the Clean Water Act. The Total Maximal Daily Load (TMDL) planning process is a tool to set up watershed management. However, TMDL methodologies and concepts have several problems, including determination of Loading Capacity for only low flow critical periods that preclude consideration of wet weather sources in water quality management. Research is needed to develop watershed pollutant loading and receiving waters Loading Capacity models that will link wet and dry weather pollution loads to the probability of the exceedence of water quality standards. The long term impact of traditional Best Management Practices as well as ponds and wetlands, must be reassessed to consider long term accumulation of conservative toxic compounds. Socioeconomic research should focus on providing information on economic and social feasibility of implementation of additional controls in water quality limited watersheds.     

A MULTI-TIER APPROACH FOR AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

A multi-tier approach for agricultural watershed management has been proposed. The approach involves identification of a watershed management issue/problem, selection or development of simple conceptual model suitable for the exploration of the issue/problem identified and appropriate to the database available, and application of the model the address the identified issue/problem. The procedure is repeated by increasing the complexity in the conceptual model until the identified issue/problem has been addressed satisfactorily. An application of the procedure to an example watershed in southern Ontario conditions is shown. The application example has revealed that for identification of temporal pattern of runoff and sediment loads a simple conceptual model is adequate. For identification of spatial location of the sediment source areas and for the development of a monitoring program for the evaluation of remedial strategies a more complex distributed agricultural watershed model is necessary.     

Management of nutrient emissions of Axios River catchment: Their effect in the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf,Greece

The estimation of nutrient fluxes, the determination of spatial and temporal response and the understanding of biogeochemical changes in the past, present and future in the Axios River catchment, in Greece, as well as the impacts to the coastal zone of Thermaikos Gulf were accomplished by the use of harmonized watershed and coastal zone models. The mathematical model MONERIS was the watershed management model that was used to model the export loads of nutrients in Axios River. MONERIS was developed to estimate the nutrient inputs into river basins by point sources and various diffuse pathways. Watershed hydrologic and water quality data were collected and synthesized to develop input data sets for the simulation of Axios River catchment. The model was modified to better assess organic nitrogen export loads in Mediterranean watersheds. The results showed the importance of agricultural and livestock activities, concerning their nutrients emissions in the River. MONERIS was integrated with the coastal zone model WASP 6.0 to assess the impacts of the nutrient loads to the eutrophication status of the coastal zone. Several management scenarios were assessed. Management scenarios included measures for reduction in the emissions from the fertilizer plant of Veles, removal of phosphorous from the detergents in FYROM, treatment of urban wastes to EU Standards, reduction in N-fertilizer input, reduction in erosion and the green scenario that represented the maximum reduction scenario of all the measures together. The model simulations indicated that the coastal zone of Axios mouth will be eutrophic for nitrate (2.69–3.34 μM) and phosphate (0.2–0.68 μM) and upper mesotrophic for chlorophyll-a (0.74–1.45 μg/l) for the scenarios tested. The results suggest that the impact of the management scenarios will be largely negligible (no change in trophic status) for the Thermaikos Gulf sector nearby the Axios River due to additional sources such as the loads from Thessaloniki's waste water treatment plant which appear to affect the region to a greater extent. The integration of watershed and coastal zone models can be used to assess management scenarios in order to illustrate the significance of various land use practices to the eutrophication of the Gulf.     

流域水生态功能区划及其关键问题

作为流域生态系统管理和水资源保护的重要手段,如何科学合理地开展流域水生态功能区划,已成为世界各国可持续发展所面临的关键挑战之一.本文立足我国流域综合管理的特点和发展趋势,针对我国现行水功能区划的问题,结合国外流域水生态区划的经验,提出了基于流域生态学、地域分异规律、生态系统健康与生态完整性、流域生态系统管理等理论基础的,以恢复流域持续性、完整性生态系统健康为目标,反映流域水陆耦合体在不同时空尺度景观异质性的流域水生态功能区划及其原则,重点分析了流域水生态系统的空间格局、生态过程以及动态演替等3个区划的关键问题,并提出了区划的方法,以期为我国流域水生态功能区划和流域生态系统管理提供战略层次的科学依据.     

洱海常见沉水植物磷含量的种间差异及季节性变化特征

P是湖泊生态系统中很重要的生命元素,水生植物对于湖泊中P的生物化学循环至关重要. 通过分析不同季节下洱海7种常见的沉水植物地上部分w(P),研究了洱海常见沉水植物地上部分w(P)的种间差异及季节性变化特征. 结果表明:洱海沉水植物地上部分w(P)总体呈正态分布,平均值为2.64 mg/g,范围为0.90~6.79 mg/g. 沉水植物地上部分w(P)的种间差异和季节差异显著,其中7种沉水植物地上部分w(P)平均值为苦草(3.32 mg/g)>轮叶黑藻(2.88 mg/g)>金鱼藻(2.72 mg/g)>微齿眼子菜(2.53 mg/g)>穗花狐尾藻(2.39 mg/g)>篦齿眼子菜(2.34 mg/g)>马来眼子菜(2.27 mg/g);季节间表现为春季(3.46 mg/g)>夏季(3.05 mg/g)>冬季(2.20 mg/g)>秋季(1.98 mg/g). 环境中w(P)、叶与茎生物量比值和生活史特征可能是决定植物地上部分w(P)的重要因素. 此外,由于环境中有效P含量较低,洱海沉水植物地上部分w(P)低于长江中下游湖泊.