基于地理信息系统的引江济巢数值模拟系统的研究

以引江济巢工程为对象,在充分搜集巢湖流域水环境信息的基础上,利用Visual Basic6.0结合MapObjects2.0开发基于地理信息系统(GIS)的引江济巢数值模拟系统,实现对引江济巢工程基础地理信息、水文信息、水质信息等的统计、分析与管理。并通过嵌入式集成方法实现数学模型与GIS的紧密集成,实现了在污染因素由用户自行设定下进行"所见即所得"的动态仿真能力,为引江济巢调水方案的论证和调水过程中的环境管理提供技术支撑。     

GIS-based source identification and apportionment of diffuse water pollution: perfluorinated compound pollution in the Tokyo Bay basin

To efficiently reduce perfluorinated compound (PFC) pollution, it is important to have an understanding of PFC sources and their contribution to the pollution. In this study, source identification of diffuse water pollution by PFCs was conducted using a GIS-based approach. Major components of the source identification were collection of the monitoring data and preparation of the corresponding geographic information that was extracted from a constructed GIS database. The spatially distributed pollution factors were then explored by multiple linear regression analysis, after which they were visually expressed using GIS. Among the 35 PFC homologues measured in a survey of the Tokyo Bay basin, 18 homologues were analyzed. Pollution by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was explained well by the percentage of arterial traffic area in the basin, and the 84% variance of the measured PFOS concentration was explained by two geographic variables, arterial traffic area and population. Source apportionment between point and nonpoint sources was conducted based on the results of the analysis. The contribution of PFOS from nonpoint sources was comparable to that from point sources in several major rivers flowing into Tokyo Bay. Source identification and apportionment using the GIS-based approach was shown to be effective, especially for ubiquitous types of pollution, such as PFC pollution.     

连续纵向水质监测方法在温瑞塘河的应用

水质监测结果是水质评价与水污染防治的重要依据。针对常规定点水质监测方法无法完整再现水质指标的时空连续分布特征的问题,将船只搭载的水质实时监测设备与GPS同步形成基于GIS数据支撑的连续纵向水质监测方法。重点对水质监测仪及GPS空间数据集成问题进行了分析讨论,并在温瑞塘河流域进行了实验论证。结果表明,连续性纵向水质监测不但能进行连续时空水质监测,还能与GPS、GIS结合进行连续性时空分布特征的分析。     

Groundwater contamination by nitrates in the city of Konya, (Turkey): a GIS perspective

Groundwater is an essential drinking water source in the city of Konya, Turkey. Approximately 75% of the city's water consumption has been supplied from 198 groundwater wells for the last six years. Nitrate (NO(3)(-)) is one of the important water quality parameters and was measured in the water samples taken from 139 wells in 1998 and from 156 wells in 2001 within the study area of 427.5 km(2). To evaluate the nitrate data, a vector-based GIS software package ArcView GIS 3.2 was used. A hardcopy map of the city was digitized in the UTM projection system. The locations of the wells were obtained by a hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. According to the maps produced, nitrate concentrations generally tend to increase in the city center, the average concentrations being 2.2 and 16.1mg/L for the years of 1998 and 2001, respectively. A statistical correlation procedure was also applied to well depths and nitrate concentrations. As a result, correlation coefficients of 0.259 and 0.261 were obtained for data collected in 1998 and 2001. It is concluded that the distribution of nitrate concentrations is not correlated with well depths within the study area.     

Identifying Potential Impact of Lead Contamination Using a Geographic Information System

/ The main objective of this research was to identify the potential hazards associated with lead contami-nation from fixed sources in the city of Tijuana. An exploratory model is presented that describes the potential polluting sources as well as the exposed universe. The results of the analysis provide a clear picture of the geographic distribution of hazards areas for potential lead pollution in Tijuana. The findings are indicative of the dramatic consequences of rapid industrialization and urbanization in a city where there have not been significant planning efforts to mitigate the negative effects of this growth. The approach followed helps to narrow the universe of potential pollution sources, which can help to direct attention, research priorities, and resources to the most critical areas.KEY WORDS: Lead contamination; Industrial hazards; GIS; Tijuana; Mexico     

基于三维GIS的火电厂应急救援决策支持系统研究

针对火电站事故灾害的应急救援工作、电厂应急预案制定的现状,提出基于三维GIS的火电厂应急救援决策支持系统,对火电厂区及周边环境进行虚拟现实仿真,实现对基础地图数据、应急资源数据、重大危险源及其相关属性数据的系统科学管理,以Web方式提供信息查询服务,实现重大危险源周边的三维仿真显示,预测事故影响及其后果,提供最佳路径及救援方案。该研究为火电站及有关部门实施远程应急救援决策提供科学依据。     

基于GIS的城市防震减灾信息管理系统设计研究

本文通过基于GIS的城市防震减灾计算机信息管理系统设计的分析研究，描述了系统的总体思路，结构设计和功能等内容，该系统的建立既可用于城市防震减灾的日常工作，也可用于应急救灾的紧急情况。     

Adapting the RUSLE and GIS to model soil erosion risk in a mountains karst watershed, Guizhou Province, China

Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem in Guizhou Province, which is located in the centre of the karst areas of southwestern China. Unfortunately, Guizhou Province suffers from a lack of financial resources to research, monitor and model soil erosion at large watershed. In order to assess the soil erosion risk, soil erosion modeling at the watershed scale are urgently needed to be undertaken. This study integrated the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) with a Geographic Information System (GIS) to estimate soil loss and identify the risk erosion areas in the Maotiao River watershed, which is a typical rural watershed in Guizhou Province. All factors used in the RUSLE were calculated for the watershed using local data. It was classified into five categories ranging from minimal risk to extreme erosion risk depending on the calculated soil erosion amount. The soil erosion map was linked to land use, elevation and slope maps to explore the relationship between soil erosion and environmental factors and identify the areas of soil erosion risk. The results can be used to advice the local government in prioritizing the areas of immediate erosion mitigation. The integrated approach allows for relatively easy, fast, and cost-effective estimation of spatially distributed soil erosion. It thus indicates that RUSLE-GIS model is a useful and efficient tool for evaluating and mapping soil erosion risk at a large watershed scale in Guizhou Province.     

流域地下水质评价的GIS与模型集成分析

流域水环境管理已经成为当今环境科学的一个重要研究对象，对流域规模的水资源可持续管理和战略环境评价，地下水质评价是其重要内容，急需方法学的支持。全面分析目前国内外GIS与模型集成的研究现状，论述GIS与综合指数模型和机理模型集成的所需条件、优势和存在的问题。强调集成中应对模型的特征、模型的输入输出要求、流域数据基础以及GIS软件的功能进行具体分析，否则将导致区域分析的误差加大甚至产生错误信息。结合地下水水质评价常用的指数模型和机理模型，提出了GIS与模型的集成框架，分析GIS在集成中的3种模式，指明GIS与模型集成的发展方向。最后基于GIS与模型集成的现存问题提出对策，得出GIS与综合指数模型和机理模型集成的最优方法及适用条件，为具体应用提供方法学指导。     

基于多元数据的景观格局演变及其影响因素——以流沙河流域宜东段为例

利用1985年和1994年两期土地利用现状图及2003年遥感资料，在ArcGIS 9．0平台上，选取多样性、均匀度、破碎度、分离度和分维数等指数，分析了流沙河上游汉源县宜东乡的景观格局演变特征及其影响因素。结果表明，景观整体多样性指数和均匀度指数增大，优势组分有林地对景观的控制作用不断减弱；景观整体破碎度增大，斑块间离散度增大，景观形状变得较为复杂。影响因素分析表明，集镇和主要公路的影响使得其周围景观的分布以人为景观旱地为主。地形因素中，居民点、水田在坡度15^o以下区域和平地、阴坡上广泛分布；有林地、灌木林和荒草地等景观在15^o以上坡度级分布较广，其中有林地阴坡分布稍高于其余坡向，灌木林分布阳坡多于阴坡，旱地在半阳坡出现分布峰值。