高寒藏区农牧村家庭能源消费特征及影响因素——以甘南高原为例

能源是消除贫困和实现经济社会与人类发展的重要因素。文章在对甘南高原23个乡镇357个家庭用能资料分析的基础上,研究了高寒藏区农牧村家庭能源消费的特征及主要影响因素。结果表明:1农牧村人均能源消费量为996.05 kgce,以畜粪等生物质能为主,能耗水平高,消费品质差,综合热效率只有18.77%,大部分农牧民还停留在满足基本生存需求的状态;2从牧区到农区,能源消费结构由单一转向多元化,热效率从16.87%提高到23.93%,人均能耗水平逐渐降低,空间阶梯特征明显;3农牧村家庭能源消费模式是多种因素影响的结果,其中牧区主要受生活方式、家庭规模和宗教支出的影响,农牧交错区主要受家庭规模、家庭年收入、家用电器种类和年均取暖时间的影响,农区主要受人均耕地面积、家庭年收入和家庭规模的影响;4结合农牧村实际情况,建议实施牧民定居工程、增加现代能源供给、鼓励使用新能源设备、推广生物质能高效清洁利用技术、强化农牧民的节能环保意识,在保证农牧民基本能源需求的基础上,尽可能减轻能源消费带来的环境压力。     

Historical trends of PCBs and PBDEs as reconstructed in a lake sediment from southern Tibetan Plateau

High-altitude lake sediment can be used as a natural archive to reconstruct the history of pollutants. In this work, the temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined using a high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in an alpine lake sediment core collected from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) to examine whether the expected decreasing trends due to the implementation of the international Conventions could be observed. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in the sediment core were in the range of 11.8–142 pg/g dw and ND-457 pg/g dw, and their fluxes were in the range of 2.51–31.7 ng/(m²·yr) and ND-43.2 ng/(m²·yr), respectively. The prevalence of low-chlorinated (tri-CB) PCBs and low-brominated (tri- to tetra-) PBDEs in most sections of the sediment profiles was observed, suggesting that the light molecular weight PCBs and PBDEs have most likely reached lake sediments by long-range atmospheric transport from distant sources. Despite the restrictions on their applications, the sediment records for the concentrations and fluxes showed no corresponding decreasing trend with restrictions for PCBs, which suggested that these POPs (e.g., PCBs) were still emitted to the environment owing to the influence of primary or secondary emissions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on input history of atmospheric PCBs and PBDEs recorded in TP Lake sediment.     

Export of dissolved carbonaceous and nitrogenous substances in rivers of the “Water Tower of Asia”

Rivers are critical links in the carbon and nitrogen cycle in aquatic,terrestrial,and atmospheric environments.Here riverine carbon and nitrogen exports in nine large rivers on the Tibetan Plateau—the"Water Tower of Asia"—were investigated in the monsoon season from 2013 to 2015.Compared with the world average,concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC,30.7 mg/L)were high in river basins of the plateau due to extensive topographic relief and intensive water erosion.Low concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC,1.16 mg/L)were likely due to the low temperature and unproductive land vegetation environments.Average concentrations of riverine DIN(0.32 mg/L)and DON(0.35 mg/L)on the Tibetan Plateau were close to the world average.However,despite its predominantly pristine environment,discharge from agricultural activities and urban areas of the plateau has raised riverine N export.In addition,DOC/DON ratio(C/N,~6.5)in rivers of the Tibetan Plateau was much lower than the global average,indicating that dissolved organic carbon in the rivers of this region might be more bioavailable.Therefore,along with global warming and anthropogenic activities,increasing export of bioavailable riverine carbon and nitrogen from rivers of the Tibetan Plateau can be expected in the future,which will possibly influence the regional carbon and nitrogen cycle.     

宁夏近10年甲醛柱浓度时空分布及其影响因素

为明确宁夏回族自治区（简称“宁夏”）大气中甲醛的含量及分布,基于OMI遥感反演数据,分析了2006—2015年宁夏甲醛柱浓度的时空分布,同时选取工业产值、机动车保有量、煤炭消耗量以及气温、地形地貌和风向等人为和自然因素进行相关性分析.结果表明:研究区内2006—2015年甲醛柱浓度整体呈上升趋势,年均增速为1.078×1015 molec/（cm2·a）,其中2006—2011年逐年增大,2012—2015年呈波动上升趋势,并于2015年达到近10年的最高值;甲醛柱浓度季节性特征为夏季>冬季>秋季>春季;宁夏甲醛柱浓度月均值变化趋势整体上呈“W”型.空间上甲醛柱浓度高值区主要分布在宁夏中东部及南部地区,而北部及西部地区甲醛柱浓度相对较低.在人为因素中煤炭消耗量与甲醛柱浓度的相关性最高,相关系数达到0.88;在自然因素中甲醛柱浓度与气温相关系数达到0.63,地形地貌和风向对甲醛污染区域的分布有一定影响.研究显示,人为因素是影响宁夏甲醛柱浓度的主要因素.      

青藏高原东部黄土粒度分布的端元模型研究

为了探讨青藏高原东部黄土粒度指标蕴含的物源和沉积信息,运用参数化端元分析模型对青藏高原东部地区采集的大量表土和马兰黄土样品粒度数据进行了分解。结果得到五个Gen.Weibull分布端元,分别是:(1)众数粒径为1~2μm和7~9μm的远源端元,可能由高空西风搬运而来;(2)众数粒径为35~45μm和60~80μm中远源端元,可能主要由高原季风搬运而来;(3)众数粒径为180~560μm的砂粒组分端元,可能主要为近源和局地来源。因此研究区黄土为多物源、多搬运动力下的风成沉积物。进一步比较端元间的众数粒径、标准偏差以及含量占比的差异,揭示了沉积区的地理位置、地形地貌等环境因素差异对黄土沉积有重要影响。此外,研究区与邻近的黄土高原西缘黄土粒度端元的特征差异指示了青藏高原东部黄土在搬运动力、物质来源及其贡献方面与西部黄土高原明显不同。     

青藏高原东缘黄土石英光释光信号积分区间选择

光释光信号积分区间的选择对等效剂量（D _e ）的估算有重要影响。光释光衰减曲线并非单一的指数衰减,而由多个指数衰减函数组成,且每个衰减函数代表不同的信号组分。因矿物晶格陷阱类型不同,各组分有不同的衰减率、热稳定性等。本文对采自青藏高原东缘4个典型黄土分布区的黄土样品进行了系统的石英光释光组分分析和背景区间扣除研究。结果发现：（1）高原东缘黄土石英光释光信号由快、中、慢组分组成,并以快组分占主导,适合用单片再生剂量法测定等效剂量;（2）不同背景区间扣除对小于10 Gy样品等效剂量结果影响较小,误差范围内一致;（3）对大于10 Gy样品,选取早、晚不同背景区间扣除其等效剂量结果差异显著,两者差值占晚期背景扣除所得D _e 值的10%—38%,且有随D _e 值增加而增大的趋势,因此计算大于10 Gy样品D _e 时应慎重选择积分区间。     

西藏高原农业生态系统氮素循环的数量特征研究

以西藏贡嘎县为研究对象，运用生态学原理，定量估算了西藏高原农业生态系统中氮素循环的数量特征，为该系统的调控与结构优化提供了理论依据。     

青藏高原及周边区域沙尘气溶胶三维分布和传输特征

利用MERRA-2再分析资料和CALIPSO星载激光雷达产品,分析了1980—2017年青藏高原和塔克拉玛干沙漠上空沙尘气溶胶的分布和传输特征.对比了MERRA-2与AERONET及MISR的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品,其相关系数分别为0.809和0.776.基于MERRA-2资料分析表明,研究区域沙尘光学厚度（DAOD）按春、夏、秋、冬季依次递减.塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原地区DAOD均在5月达最高值.青藏高原北部DAOD比南部高0.06~0.10,两地区的DAOD值差异在5月最高.自2000年开始,塔克拉玛干沙漠和印度恒河平原DAOD高值区强度和影响范围显著增大,对青藏高原的沙尘输送增强,印度沙尘对青藏高原的影响显著增加.CALIPSO观测表明,青藏高原上空的沙尘主要来自塔克拉玛干沙漠,传输量春季最大,秋、冬季最小;部分来自印度恒河平原,传输主要发生在夏、秋季.塔克拉玛干沙尘通过柴达木盆地向青藏高原传输,最远可至30°N,传输高度在4~8 km.冬季青藏高原上空的沙尘主要来自柴达木盆地.塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原的最大气溶胶消光系数廓线分别出现在春季和夏季.塔克拉玛干沙漠和青藏高原地区沙尘层厚度多年平均值分别为1.00和0.82 km.2007—2017年,塔克拉玛干沙尘层厚度呈下降趋势,年下降率为0.018 km.青藏高原沙尘层厚度春季最大,冬季次之,夏季最小;沙尘层厚度年变化趋势不显著.     

Distribution and transportation of mercury from glacier to lake in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin, southern Tibetan Plateau, China

The Tibetan Plateau is home to the largest aggregate of glaciers outside the Polar Regions and is a source of fresh water to 1.4 billion people. Yet little is known about the transportation and cycling of Hg in high-elevation glacier basins on Tibetan Plateau. In this study, surface snow,glacier melting stream water and lake water samples were collected from the Qiangyong Glacier Basin. The spatiotemporal distribution and transportation of Hg from glacier to lake were investigated. Significant diurnal variations of dissolved Hg(DHg) concentrations were observed in the river water, with low concentrations in the morning(8:00 am–14:00 pm) and high concentrations in the afternoon(16:00 pm–20:00 pm). The DHg concentrations were exponentially correlated with runoff, which indicated that runoff was the dominant factor affecting DHg concentrations in the river water. Moreover, significant decreases of Hg were observed during transportation from glacier to lake. DHg adsorption onto particulates followed by the sedimentation of particulate-bound Hg(PHg) could be possible as an important Hg removal mechanism during the transportation process. Significant decreases in Hg concentrations were observed downstream of Xiao Qiangyong Lake, which indicated that the high-elevation lake system could significantly affect the distribution and transportation of Hg in the Qiangyong Glacier Basin.     

青藏高原四季日照时数年际、年代际变化趋势分析

利用1961-2007年青藏高原日照时数资料,通过统计方法初步分析了近47年青藏高原四季日照时数的年际、年代际变化特征,得到以下几点初步认识：青藏高原四季日照时数整体上均呈现自东南向西北增加的特点,其空间变化也存在明显的区域差异：青藏高原西部和中部日照时数增加,高原东南部和北部呈减少的趋势。近47年来青藏高原四季日照时数年际和年代际变化明显,总体均呈减少趋势,20世纪60年代以偏少为主,70年代和80年代整体偏多,90年代和21世纪初高原日照时数以偏少为主,各年代之间日照时数区域差异明显。