土壤碳淋溶流失研究进展

土壤碳的淋溶流失是指在水的作用下土壤中的碳沿着水文路径转移到水环境的过程。尽管这些流失量有限,却对陆地碳平衡核算具有重要影响。本文在总结了土壤碳淋溶流失研究的重要性、近年来相关领域取得的进展的基础上,指出已有研究的不足有:对土壤无机碳(SIC)的淋溶流失研究薄弱、缺乏野外实地观测、对土地利用变化影响土壤碳淋溶流失的过程与机制认识不足等。今后除了加强以上几个方面的研究外,还要综合利用同位素示踪和在线仪器观测等各种手段,开展"陆地-水生系统连续体"内多界面碳交换的综合研究。     

一维碳纳米管与金属氧化物材料研究

一维纳米结构是最吸引人的功能材料而被广泛关注.一维形态可以很容易地提高纳米结构的独特性能,使它们适合各种各样的应用程序,包括气体传感器、电致变色的设备、发光二极管、场发射器、超级电容器和纳米发电机.因此,目前已合成多种一维纳米结构形式的纳米棒、纳米线、纳米管、纳米带等.本文主要介绍了一维碳纳米管与金属氧化物的性质与研究现状,探讨两种材料的优缺点以期进行互补修饰合成新型复合材料.     

国外实施低碳经济转型对中国低碳经济发展的启示研究

中国人口基数大、发展水平低、人均资源占有量少的特点以及巨大燃煤量也导致中国环境污染问题愈发严重,决定了中国必须向发展低碳经济转变.中国应通过提高能源使用率,减少资源消耗,开发可再生能源等途径,削弱资源对经济发展的限制.虽然中国的基本国情和发展现状使中国向低碳经济发展转变的难度较大,但是发达国家实施低碳经济转型的实践活动为中国发展低碳经济提供了许多宝贵的经验,让中国发展低碳经济的过程中少走许多弯路,使中国向低碳经济更好的发展.     

驯化活性污泥SBR工艺处理乳制品废水研究

乳制品废水直接采用生物法处理在现有研究中较少,为验证处理效果,将4阶段驯化后的活性污泥投加到SBR中,进行了低浓度乳制品废水的直接生物降解试验,主要考察了对COD、NH4-N的去除效果,结果显示:活性污泥驯化期间,COD、NH4-N平均去除率分别为93%、90%;驯化后的活性污泥处理效果稳定,当进水COD为1654 mg/L、NH4-N为115 mg/L时,出水COD、NH4-N分别为66 mg/L、2 mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准,证明了用驯化活性污泥直接处理低浓度乳制品废水是可行的.     

卷烟制造的碳排放核算研究

基于ISO14064-l标准和IPCC 2006理论,构建了卷烟制造过程的碳排放模型,并对广州、韶关、梅州和湛江4家卷烟厂进行了碳排放核算分析,结果表明:(1)万支卷烟碳排放随着卷烟产量的提高而降低;(2)C02是卷烟厂最主要的碳排放来源;(3)外购电力和固定燃烧产生的碳排放是卷烟厂最主要的碳排放源;(4)卷接包、锅炉、制丝3个工艺段产生的碳排放最多;(5)耗能设备中空调系统产生了最多的外购电力碳排放,同时因蒸汽使用造成了最多的固定燃烧碳排放.     

大蒜加工废水的活性污泥培养驯化研究

试验选用生活污水处理厂、化肥厂、友谊河的活性污泥作为菌种进行培养实验,培养过程中,考查温度、营养物质的添加等因素对污泥培养的影响,结果证明,大蒜废水本身有机物和其他无机物之间的比例还是比较协调的,营养物质米泔水的添加对大蒜加工废水COD的降解帮助不大.然而,温度对大蒜加工废水活性污泥的培育影响显著,从整体上看,随着温度的升高,COD去除率也增加.实验还显示经过培养,当水温为15℃时,系统的沉降性能变差,出水未沉降絮体增多,并出现污泥膨胀现象,综合考虑,确定25℃为最佳培养温度.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

A new process to improve short-chain fatty acids and bio-methane generation from waste activated sludge

As an important intermediate product, short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs) can be generated after hydrolysis and acidification from waste activated sludge, and then can be transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion process. In order to obtain more SCFA and methane,most studies in literatures were centered on enhancing the hydrolysis of sludge anaerobic digestion which was proved as un-efficient. Though the alkaline pretreatment in our previous study increased both the hydrolysis and acidification processes, it had a vast chemical cost which was considered uneconomical. In this paper, a low energy consumption pretreatment method, i.e. enhanced the whole three stages of the anaerobic fermentation processes at the same time, was reported, by which hydrolysis and acidification were both enhanced, and the SCFA and methane generation can be significantly improved with a small quantity of chemical input. Firstly, the effect of different pretreated temperatures and pretreatment time on sludge hydrolyzation was compared. It was found that sludge pretreated at 100°C for 60 min can achieve the maximal hydrolyzation. Further, effects of different initial p Hs on acidification of the thermal pretreated sludge were investigated and the highest SCFA was observed at initial p H 9.0with fermentation time of 6 d, the production of which was 348.63 mg COD/g VSS(6.8 times higher than the blank test) and the acetic acid was dominant acid. Then, the mechanisms for this new pretreatment significantly improving SCFA production were discussed. Finally,the effect of this low energy consumption pretreatment on methane generation was investigated.     

Escherichia coli inactivation by pressurized CO2 treatment methods at room temperature: Critical issues

This study aims to increase the inactivation efficiency of CO_2 against Escherichia coli under mild conditions to facilitate the application of pressurized CO_2 technology in water disinfection. Based on an aerating-cycling apparatus, three different treatment methods(continuous aeration, continuous reflux, and simultaneous aeration and reflux) were compared for the same temperature, pressure(0.3–0.7 MPa), initial concentration, and exposure time(25 min). The simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment(combined method) was shown to be the best method under optimum conditions, which were determined to be 0.7 MPa, room temperature, and an exposure time of 10 min. This treatment achieved 5.1-log reduction after 25 min of treatment at the pressure of 0.3 MPa and 5.73-log reduction after 10 min at 0.7 MPa. Log reductions of 4.4 and 5.0 occurred at the end of continuous aeration and continuous reflux treatments at 0.7 MPa, respectively.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) images suggested that cells were ruptured after the simultaneous aeration and reflux treatment and the continuous reflux treatment. The increase of the solubilization rate of CO_2 due to intense hydraulic conditions led to a rapid inactivation effect. It was found that the reduction of intracellular p H caused by CO_2 led to a more lethal bactericidal effect.     

兰州市工业能源碳排放强度及效应研究

运用容量耦合拓展模型对兰州市2003—2013年环境系统耦合度进行评价,通过核算兰州市2003—2013年各年工业碳排放量,分析了4类工业碳排放强度变化特征,并运用LMDI模型对碳排放效应进行了多维度分解.结果表明,兰州市环境系统总体质量水平较低,环境状态指数和环境耦合度指数较低;兰州市工业碳排放总量逐年递增,碳排放与工业增加值、GDP、人口数量和城市建成区面积等呈显著正相关关系;原煤、原油、焦炭和天然气是兰州市的主要碳源,人均碳强呈显著增长态势,而工业碳强、GDP碳强、地均碳强均呈下降趋势;能源结构效应和人口规模效应在低位值附近波动变化,而能源强度效应和人均经济效应均在高位值附近波动,且后两项指标累积效应显著大于前两项指标,总体发挥正向碳增长效应.