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101.
Ronald B. Zelt Jack T. Dugan 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1993,29(6):939-948
ABSTRACT: Soil-water conditions provide valuable insight into the hydrologic system in an area. A soil-water balance quantitatively summarizes soil-water conditions and is based on climatic, soil, and vegetation characteristics that vary spatially and temporally. Soil-water balances in the Great Plains of the central United States were simulated for 1951–1980. Results of the simulations were mean annual estimates of infiltration, runoff, actual evapotranspiration, potential recharge, and consumptive water and irrigation requirements at 152 climatic data stations. A method was developed using a geographic information system to integrate and map the simulation results on the basis of spatially variable climatic, soil, and vegetation characteristics. As an example, simulated mean annual potential recharge was mapped. Mean annual potential-recharge rates ranged from less than 0.5 inch in much of the north-central and southwestern Great Plains to more than 10 inches in parts of eastern Texas and southwestern Arkansas. 相似文献
102.
Locally designed, institutional frameworks are being used to develop and implement remedial action plans (RAPs) to restore
beneficial uses in 43 Great Lakes areas of concern. A 1993 Canada-United States roundtable was convened to learn from case
studies and to develop recommendations regarding essential characteristics of RAP institutional frameworks, guidance to ensure
linkages to other related plans, and ways of embracing new institutional frameworks from RAP development to implementation.
Major roundtable recommendations are: (1) RAP institutional frameworks should be empowered to pursue their mission of restoring
uses. Empowerment would be demonstrated by: a watershed focus, inclusive and shared decision-making, clear responsibilities
and sufficient authority, creative funding capability, flexibility and continuity in the process, an iterative process of
continuous improvement, and commitment to education and outreach. (2) RAP institutional frameworks should be used as mechanisms
to coordinate programs at the local level. Such local coordination should be complemented with governmental commitments to
intra- and interagency coordination in work plans. (3) RAP institutional frameworks can help build the capacity of governments
to achieve their goals. Therefore, governments must adopt long-term, visionary goals and commit to a customer-driven RAP process
of continuous improvement. 相似文献
103.
Virginia Carter Mary Keith Garrett Patricia T. Gammon 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(2):297-306
ABSTRACT: A weighted average method was used to analyze transition zone vegetation in the Great Dismal Swamp to determine if a more uniform determination of wetland boundaries can be made nationwide. The method was applied to vegetation data collected on four transects and three vertical layers across the wetland-to-upland transition zone of the swamp. Ecological index values based on water tolerance were either taken from the literature or derived from local species tolerances. Wetland index values were calculated for 25-m increments using species cover and rankings based on the ecological indices. Wetland index values were used to designate increments as either wetland, transitional, or upland, and to examine the usefulness of a provisional wetland-upland break-point. Most increments were designated wetland or transitional when all species were used. Removal of three or five ubiquitous species either gave a wider range of wetland index values with a more variable designation of increments or caused designation of increments to be similar for all layers. The use of locally-derived rankings showed the sensitivity of the weighted averages method to ecological indices of species with large importance values. The weighted average method did not provide for an objective placement of an absolute wetland boundary, but did serve to focus attention on the transitional boundary zone where supplementary information is necessary to select a wetland-upland breakpoint. 相似文献
104.
Henry H. Sprague Richard Block Jonathan W. Bulkley 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(6):1003-1006
ABSTRACT: The production of videotape as a product of a water resources seminar is an innovative approach to graduate education. The research effort required builds upon the traditional graduate seminar approach. The videotape production requires research effort to be focused into a coherent body of information which may be widely disseminated and effectively communicates information to the public. The use of outside speakers and field trips blends very well into the preparation of a videotape. The requriement to present the many sides of a complex water resource issue in a fair and equitable manner requires maturity and professional capability on the part of the students. The research effort requires the students to meet their professional obligation to present an objective, factual, and accurate statement of the issues studies. 相似文献
105.
Xianwei Wang Xiuzhen Li Yuanman Hu Jiujun Lv Ju Sun Zongmei Li Zhifeng Wu 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2010,22(7):1057-1066
Boreal peatlands represent a large global carbon pool.The relationships between carbon mineralization,soil temperature and moisture in the permafrost peatlands of the Great Hing'an Mountains,China,were examined.The CO2 emissions were measured during laboratory incubations of samples from four sites under different temperatures(5,10,15,and 20°C) and moisture contents(0%,30%,60%,100% water holding capacity(WHC) and completely water saturated).Total carbon mineralization ranged from 15.51 to 112.92 mg C under the treatments for all sites.Carbon mineralization rates decreased with soil depth,increased with temperature,and reached the highest at 60% WHC at the same temperature.The calculated temperature coefficient(Q10) values ranged from 1.84 to 2.51 with the soil depths and moisture.However,the values were not significantly affected by soil moisture and depth for all sites due to the different peat properties(P 0.05).We found that the carbon mineralization could be successfully predicted as a two-compartment function with temperature and moisture(R2 0.96) and total carbon mineralization was significantly affected by temperature and moisture(P 0.05).Thus,temperature and moisture would play important roles in carbon mineralization of permafrost peatlands in the Great Hing'an Mountains,indicating that the permafrost peatlands would be sensitive to the environment change,and the permafrost peatlands would be potentially mineralized under future climate change. 相似文献
106.
P.J. Thorburn J.S. Biggs S.J. Attard J. Kemei 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》2011,144(1):1-12
There is concern about environmental impacts of cropping in catchments of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, especially losses of nitrogen (N) from cropping systems. Sugarcane production in the Burdekin region in the dry tropics stands out from other crops/regions because it is grown with the highest applications of irrigation water and N fertiliser rates of any sugarcane producing region in Australia, attributes which may enhance losses of N. Little is known about N losses from sugarcane production systems, especially irrigated systems. We measured parts of the water and N balance over three sugarcane crops at three contrasting sites in different parts of the Burdekin region, covering a range of soil types/textures and irrigation managements. The experimental data were used to parameterise the APSIM-Sugarcane cropping systems model, and the model then used to ‘infill’ missing data and develop more complete water and N balances for each of the crops at the three sites. The model was also used to simulate long-term yields and N losses through runoff and leaching below the root zone at the sites under a range of N fertiliser and irrigation management practices. Unlike the experience in other cropping systems, N losses through runoff and leaching below the root zone were not higher at our sites than measured in rainfed sugarcane production systems. The long-term simulations showed there were clear opportunities for reducing N losses while maintaining yields through reducing N fertiliser application rates. Simulations results suggested that long-term N surpluses of 50 kg ha−1 yr−1, considerably less than those during the experiment or common in the study region, were sufficient to maintain yields but reduce N losses by 50-57%. So, N fertiliser management should aim to keep surpluses to that level. Improved irrigation management could also help reduce N losses but generally to a much lesser extent than reduced N fertiliser applications. Research is required to confirm these predicted benefits, and investigate potential interaction between N fertiliser and irrigation management practices, and impacts of other management practices. 相似文献
107.
108.
Danz NP Regal RR Niemi GJ Brady VJ Hollenhorst T Johnson LB Host GE Hanowski JM Johnston CA Brown T Kingston J Kelly JR 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,102(1-3):41-65
Understanding the relationship between human disturbance and ecological response is essential to the process of indicator development. For large-scale observational studies, sites should be selected across gradients of anthropogenic stress, but such gradients are often unknown for a population of sites prior to site selection. Stress data available from public sources can be used in a geographic information system (GIS) to partially characterize environmental conditions for large geographic areas without visiting the sites. We divided the U.S. Great Lakes coastal region into 762 units consisting of a shoreline reach and drainage-shed and then summarized over 200 environmental variables in seven categories for the units using a GIS. Redundancy within the categories of environmental variables was reduced using principal components analysis. Environmental strata were generated from cluster analysis using principal component scores as input. To protect against site selection bias, sites were selected in random order from clusters. The site selection process allowed us to exclude sites that were inaccessible and was shown to successfully distribute sites across the range of environmental variation in our GIS data. This design has broad applicability when the goal is to develop ecological indicators using observational data from large-scale surveys. 相似文献
109.
The Great Basin Desert lies between the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east. Nearly 60%
of the area’s deserts and mountains (roughly 30 million ha) are managed by the U. S. Department of Interior’s Bureau of Land
Management. This area is characterized by low annual precipitation, diverse desert plant communities, and local economies
that depend on the products (livestock grazing, recreation, mining, etc.) produced by these lands. The ecological and economic
stability of the Great Basin is increasingly at risk due to the expansion of fire-prone invasive species and increase in wildfires.
To stem this loss of productivity and diversity in the Great Basin, the BLM initiated the “Great Basin Restoration Initiative”
in 1999 after nearly 0.7 million ha of the Great Basin burned in wildfires. The objective of the Great Basin Restoration Initiative
is to restore plant community diversity and structure by improving resiliency to disturbance and resistance to invasive species
over the long-term. To accomplish this objective, a strategic plan has been developed that emphasizes local participation
and reliance on appropriate science to ensure that restoration is accomplished in an economical and ecologically appropriate
manner. If restoration in the Great Basin is not successful, desertification and the associated loss of economic stability
and ecological integrity will continue to threaten the sustainability of natural resources and people in the Great Basin. 相似文献
110.
Amy M. Marcarelli Ashley A. Coble Karl M. Meingast Evan S. Kane Colin N. Brooks Ishi Buffam Sarah A. Green Casey J Huckins David Toczydlowski Robert Stottlemyer 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(2):442-458
Lake Superior receives inputs from approximately 2,800 tributaries that provide nutrients and dissolved organic matter (DOM) to the nearshore zone of this oligotrophic lake. Here, we review the magnitude and timing of tributary export and plume formation in Lake Superior, how these patterns and interactions may shift with global change, and how emerging technologies can be used to better characterize tributary–lake linkages. Peak tributary export occurs during snowmelt‐driven spring freshets, with additional pulses during rain‐driven storms. Instream processing and transformation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) can be rapid but varies seasonally in magnitude. Tributary plumes with elevated DOC concentration, higher turbidity, and distinct DOM character can be detected in the nearshore during times of high runoff, but plumes can be quickly transported and diluted by in‐lake currents and mixing. Understanding the variability in size and load of these tributary plumes, how they are transported within the lake, and how long they persist may be best addressed with environmental sensors and remote sensing using autonomous and unmanned vehicles. The connections between Lake Superior and its tributaries are vulnerable to climate change, and understanding and predicting future changes to these valuable freshwater resources will require a nuanced and detailed consideration of tributary inputs and interactions in time and space. 相似文献