北京市冬季雾霾天人体呼吸高度PM2.5变化特征对气象因素的响应

依据实测北京冬季人体呼吸高度PM_(2.5)质量浓度、湿度、风速、风向、温度数据,利用相关性分析、非线性回归分析、统计分析,分别探讨轻中度空气污染天、一次重污染过程,气象因子对PM_(2.5)质量浓度生成、变化的影响.结果表明:1轻中度污染天,若温度较低、日平均风速较小,湿度大时,湿度是影响PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化的决定性因素;而温度、风速、湿度均较大时,PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化受三者共同作用;当风速、湿度、温度均较小时,PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化主要受前两者影响.这反映出,人体呼吸高度的PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化对气象因子微小变化响应极为敏感.2一次空气质量从良到重度污染的过程中,PM_(2.5)质量浓度积累主要是由于空气湍流较弱、加之湿度大导致的,此外白天西北风、东北风较大,但持续时间短,而夜间东南风、西南风风速较小,持续时间长,也有利于污染物的累积.3短时微小量降雪使温度降低、空气湿度增加,不仅不能降低PM_(2.5)质量浓度,反而使其上升了72%,造成颗粒物浓度的跃升现象.4短时风速较大,风速达到2.0 m·s~(-1),持续2 h,虽然在一定程度上降低局地PM_(2.5)质量浓度,但并不能彻底改变空气质量状况.只有当风速大于3.5 m·s~(-1),且持续4 h以上,才能够迅速地扩散空气中的细颗粒物,空气质量由重度污染转变为优.     

北京夏冬季霾天气下气溶胶水溶性离子粒径分布特征

为研究北京夏、冬季霾粒子中水溶性离子的粒径谱分布,并进一步分析其来源及形成机制,于2009年夏季和冬季利用惯性撞击式8级采样器(Andersen)和石英微量振荡天平(TEOM)对北京城区大气气溶胶分别进行了为期2周的连续采样和监测,并用离子色谱(IC)对气溶胶中的水溶性离子进行了分析.结果表明,夏季霾天PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为(245.5±8.4)μg.m-3和(120.2±2.0)μg.m-3,冬季霾天对应的数值分别为(384.2±30.2)μg.m-3和(252.7±47.1)μg.m-3,无论夏季还是冬季,霾天大气细粒子污染均十分严重.细粒子中总水溶性离子(TWSS)的浓度霾天远高于对照天,其中霾天浓度上升较快的是SO24-、NO3-和NH4+,二次无机离子对霾天气的形成过程扮演重要作用.除NO3-外,其余7种水溶性离子夏、冬季霾天粒径谱分布一致,即,SO24-、NH4+主要分布于PM1.0以下的细粒子模态,Mg2+、Ca2+主要分布于PM2.5以上的粗粒子模态,Na+、Cl-和K+呈双模态分布;夏季霾天NO3-呈双模态分布,而冬季则主要分布于细粒子中.夏季霾天SO24-的平均质量中值粒径(MMAD)为0.64μm,SO24-主要来自远程SO2的云内反应,并且SO2表观转化率(SOR)高于对照天,使得霾天光化学反应生成的细粒子远远高于对照天气过程;冬季霾天SO24-的MMAD增至0.89μm,冬季因局地SO2排放并被非均相化学反应过程氧化为SO24-亦为北京大气细粒子的重要来源.夏、冬季霾天NO3-的MMAD分别为2.85μm和0.80μm,受到温度的影响,NO3-夏、冬季节分别以硝酸钙和硝酸铵的形式存在于粗、细粒子中.     

洞庭湖洲滩地年淹水天数和面积变化

研究了洞庭湖洲滩地年淹水天数和面积变化。利用洞庭湖代表性水文站1952~2000年的逐日水位资料,分析了洞庭湖洲滩地的多年平均淹水时间（天数）。结合20世纪70年代和90年代不同水位时相卫星图像的解译数据,通过插入法和相关分析,得出了20世纪70和90年代不同淹水天数的洲滩地面积。结果表明,区内不同区域变化各异,东洞庭湖不同淹水天数的洲滩地均减少,南洞庭湖中位的洲滩地增加,但高位和低位洲滩地减少,西洞庭湖不同淹水天数的洲滩地均增加。表明东洞庭湖在70~90年代发生了逆向演替,南洞庭湖以正向演替为主,西洞庭湖发生了正向演替。为此,提出中低位洲滩地不宜发展杨树,获、芦生产的重点应该逐步地由东洞庭湖向西、南洞庭湖转移。     

Effect of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emission from rice soil in north India

Physiological changes in crop plants in response to the elevated tropospheric ozone (O₃) may alter N and C cycles in soil. This may also affect the atmosphere-biosphere exchange of radiatively important greenhouse gases (GHGs), e.g. methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil. A study was carried out during July to November of 2007 and 2008 in the experimental farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to assess the effects of elevated tropospheric ozone on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice (Oryza sativa L.) soil. Rice crop was grown in open top chambers (OTC) under elevated ozone (EO), non-filtered air (NF), charcoal filtered air (CF) and ambient air (AA). Seasonal mean concentrations of O₃ were 4.3 ± 0.9, 26.2 ± 1.9, 59.1 ± 4.2 and 27.5 ± 2.3 ppb during year 2007 and 5.9 ± 1.1, 37.2 ± 2.5, 69.7 ± 3.9 and 39.2 ± 1.8 ppb during year 2008 for treatments CF, NF, EO and AA, respectively. Cumulative seasonal CH₄ emission reduced by 29.7% and 40.4% under the elevated ozone (EO) compared to the non-filtered air (NF), whereas the emission increased by 21.5% and 16.7% in the charcoal filtered air (CF) in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Cumulative seasonal emission of N₂O ranged from 47.8 mg m⁻² in elevated ozone to 54.6 mg m⁻² in charcoal filtered air in 2007 and from 46.4 to 62.1 mg m⁻² in 2008. Elevated ozone reduced grain yield by 11.3% and 12.4% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Global warming potential (GWP) per unit of rice yield was the least under elevated ozone levels. Dissolved organic C content of soil was lowest under the elevated ozone treatment. Decrease in availability of substrate i.e., dissolved organic C under elevated ozone resulted in a decline in GHG emissions. Filtration of ozone from ambient air increased grain yield and growth parameters of rice and emission of GHGs.     

穗港晴沙两重天——2010年3月17—23日珠三角典型灰霾过程分析

随着经济规模迅速扩大和城市化进程加快,大气气溶胶污染日趋严重,由细粒子气溶胶造成的能见度恶化事件越来越多,这些人类活动排放的污染物,可形成灰霾天气致使能见度下降.2010年3月17-23日,在珠三角地区发生了一次典型灰霾天气过程,同期20日左右,中亚、蒙古国与我国北方发生了当年沙尘天气影响范围最广的一次强沙尘暴过程,冷...     

Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol in a frigid urban atmosphere

•Harbin showed relatively high threshold RH (80%) for apparent increase of SOR. •The observed SOR were at the lower end of the ratios from Beijing’s winter. •Temperature-dependent increase of NOR was sharper than that of SOR. • NOR increased with stronger biomass burning impact but SOR was largely unchanged. Formation of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was investigated during a six-month long heating season in Harbin, China. Enhanced sulfate formation was observed at high relative humidity (RH), with the same threshold RH (80%) for both colder and warmer measurement periods. Compared to wintertime results from Beijing, the threshold RH was considerably higher in Harbin, whereas the RH-dependent enhancement of sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR) was less significant. In addition, the high RH events were rarely encountered, and for other periods, the SOR were typically as low as ~0.1. Therefore, the sulfate formation was considered inefficient in this study. After excluding the several cases with high RH, both SOR and the nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) exhibited increasing trends as the temperature increased, with the increase of NOR being sharper. The nitrate to sulfate ratio tended to increase with increasing temperature as well. Based on a semi-quantitative approach, this trend was attributed primarily to the temperature-dependent variations of precursors including SO₂ and NO₂. The influence of biomass burning emissions on SIA formation was also evident. With stronger impact of biomass burning, an enhancement in NOR was observed whereas SOR was largely unchanged. The different patterns were identified as the dominant driver of the larger nitrate to sulfate ratios measured at higher concentrations of fine particulate matter.     

近50年长江流域降水日数的演变趋势

通过分析不同强度降水量（大于75百分位和大于95百分位降水,下同）对应降水日数,研究了长江流域1951~2000年逐年和年代际降水日数变化趋势。大于75百分位的降水日数在上游以及中游的北岸增加趋势最显著,四川盆地是唯一显示减少趋势的地区。同样,大于95百分位的降水日数在中游和下游也表现出十分明显的增加趋势,呈现减少趋势的仍然是四川盆地,并略向其北方延伸。详细分析每10年的平均降水日数的距平发现,大于75百分位降水日数最大的正距平集中在中游的1980s、1990s和下游的1980s。最大的负距平也是在中游地区,发生在1950~1979年。因此,中游的降水日数增加的幅度最大。对于大于95百分位降水日数,长江流域中游和下游的变化趋势也是一致的,在1960s 和1970s的负距平后,都出现较大的正距平。上游降水日数的年际变化要小于中下游。比较不同百分位降水日数的变化趋势,可将长江流域1950~2000年降水日数的变化趋势分为3种类型：（1）在大于75百分位降水日数增加的同时,大于95百分位降水日数却有所减少;（2）大于75和大于95百分位降水日数同时呈减少的趋势;（3）大于75和大于95百分位降水日数同时呈增加趋势。     

我国城市公交全面电力化的战略思考

近两年来,雾霾天气不断侵扰我国,尽管有关部门和各级政府采取了一系列措施,仍难产生立竿见影的效果。能否积极有效地改善环境质量特别是改善城市空气质量是考验我国生态环境治理体系和治理能力的重大课题。本文提出了将城市公交全面电力化作为突破口的有益思考。     

2007—2016年上海市暴雨特征及其与内涝灾情关系分析

利用上海市30个自动气象站2007—2016年逐小时降水数据和上海市应急联动平台110接报内涝灾情数据,分析了近10 a上海市暴雨和内涝灾情特征,并进一步研究致灾暴雨过程与内涝灾情的关系。结果表明：1）上海市暴雨空间分布反映了明显的城市雨岛特征,在水汽充沛的东部沿海和城市化水平较高的中心城区相对容易出现极端雨强;2）暴雨内涝灾情年变化较大,月分布呈单峰型,日分布呈双峰型,且内涝灾情数在中心城区及各区中心较为密集,反映了承灾体的空间分布特征;3）暴雨过程对内涝灾情的贡献作用明显,内涝灾情数与暴雨过程雨量、逐小时最大雨量和最大雨强显著相关,与持续时间和影响站次低度相关;4）逐小时最大雨量等于过程雨量且<60 mm时,内涝灾情数基本在20次以下,随着过程雨量增加,特别是过程雨量>100 mm时,灾情数急剧增加。暴雨特征与内涝灾情关系研究对于暴雨内涝的预报、预警和服务具有重要意义。     

Characterization and source identification of submicron aerosol during serious haze pollution periods in Beijing

Submicron aerosol is of extensive concern not only due to its significant impact on air quality but also because it is detrimental to human health. In this study, we investigated the characteristics, sources and chemical processes of submicron aerosol based on realtime online measurements of submicron aerosols（NR-PM 1） during December 2015 at an urban site in Beijing. The average mass concentration of NR-PM 1 was 92.5 ±84.9 μg/m³, the hourly maximum was 459.1 μg/m³ during t...