Use of Modified Threat Reduction Assessments to Estimate Success of Conservation Measures within and Adjacent to Kruger National Park,South Africa

Abstract: The importance of biodiversity as natural capital for economic development and sustaining human welfare is well documented. Nevertheless, resource degradation rates and persistent deterioration of human welfare in developing countries is increasingly worrisome. Developing effective monitoring and evaluation schemes and measuring biodiversity loss continue to pose unique challenges, particularly when there is a paucity of historical data. Threat reduction assessment (TRA) has been proposed as a method to measure conservation success and as a proxy measurement of conservation impact, monitoring threats to resources rather than changes to biological parameters themselves. This tool is considered a quick, practical alternative to more cost‐ and time‐intensive approaches, but has inherent weaknesses. I conducted TRAs to evaluate the effectiveness of Kruger National Park (KNP) and Limpopo Province, South Africa, in mitigating threats to biodiversity from 1994 to 2004 in 4 geographical areas. I calculated TRA index values in these TRAs by using the original scoring developed by Margoluis and Salafsky (2001) and a modified scoring system that assigned negative mitigation values to incorporate new or worsening threats. Threats were standardized to allow comparisons across the sites. Modified TRA index values were significantly lower than values derived from the original scoring exercise. Five of the 11 standardized threats were present in all 4 assessment areas, 2 were restricted to KNP, 2 to Limpopo Province, and 2 only to Malamulele municipality. These results indicate, first, the need to integrate negative mitigation values into TRA scoring. By including negative values, investigators will be afforded a more accurate picture of biodiversity threats and of temporal and spatial trends across sites. Where the original TRA scoring was used to measure conservation success, reevaluation of these cases with the modified scoring is recommended. Second, practitioners must carefully consider the need and consequences of generalizing threats into generic categories for comparative assessments. Finally, continued refinement of the methodology and its extension to facilitate the transfer of successful conservation strategies is needed.     

安徽沿江中心城镇“轴—辐”物流网络构建研究

21世纪“轴—辐”物流网络作为合理高效的空间系统，已经成为开放型经济体系发展的重要支撑，以安徽沿江地区为案例地进行“轴—辐”物流网络的理性实证研究具有较强的理论价值和实践指导意义。在分析国内外“轴—辐”物流模式研究概况的基础上，诠释了“轴—辐”网络系统规模效益、集聚效益和空间效益等竞争优势及其负面效果。依据现有的资料、实地考察情况，选取了10项指标，运用R型因子分析法对安徽沿江地区41个中心城镇的物流中心性指数进行定量计算、评价，依此遴选合肥、芜湖和安庆三市作为安徽省沿江地区物流中心。最后依据三轴和完全覆盖原则、时间最短原则、多重枢纽配置原则等构建了干线通道和支线通道，形成安徽沿江地区中心城镇“轴—辐”物流网络。     

安徽沿江地带投资环境综合研究

改善投资环境吸引外资是经济发展的重要内容。安徽沿江地带是长江经济带重要的组成部分，对安徽沿江地带投资环境进行了分析与评价，并就进一步完善沿江地带宏观投资环境，推动经济联合发展提出了建议与措施。     

土地利用变化对农业自然灾害灾情的影响机理(二)──基于家户调查、实地考察与测量、空间定位系统的分析

作者在文献［1］中讨论了作物种植结构的调整对农业自然灾害（主要是旱灾）的影响机理。本文在对湖南省洞庭湖区常德市鼎城区的实地调查基础上，应用全球定位系统技术（GPS），深入分析了土地利用变化（空间格局与经济密度）对水灾引起的农业灾害的影响机制．结果表明，家户年纯收入水平与水田面积占总土地面积的比例是决定农业水灾的主要因素．     

基于Gray评价方法的安徽工业主导产业选择及培育研究

在分析安徽工业产业的基础上,根据主导产业理论和主导产业的特征,建立了工业主导产业选择指标体系。应用Gray评价方法,对23个主要工业行业进行研究,确定仪器仪表及文化办公用机械制造业、电气机械及器材制造业、交通运输设备制造业、通讯设备计算机及其他电子设备制造业、废弃资源和废旧材料回收工业共5个工业行业为安徽省工业主导产业,并对工业主导产业的培育问题给出了相关建议与对策。     

基于环境因素的河南煤炭企业国际竞争力分析模型

早期的企业国际竞争力研究主要是围绕企业的市场份额、盈利能力等经济效益及其影响因素展开.随着国际范围内针对煤炭企业环保业绩考评的持续升温,煤炭企业国际竞争力的分析模型也需要进行重新修正.在这一背景下,基于波特的钻石模型提出了基于环境因素的煤炭企业国际竞争力分析模型,并以河南煤炭企业为例进行了分析研究,以期能为煤炭企业的环境战略管理决策提供参考.     

广东省兴宁市霞岚-永和钒钛磁铁矿带成矿地质特征

在广东省梅州兴宁盆地霞岗－永和一带，产出中国东部罕见的、与早侏罗世层状镁铁－超镁铁质杂岩体有关的大型钒钛磁铁矿（铬铁矿）矿床，具有重要的科学和经济价值。本文介绍子霞岚－永和钒钛磁铁矿成矿带的地质特征，从成矿带沉积建造、区域构造和岩浆活动等方面阐述了成矿带的形成条件及控矿因素，并指出了成矿带远景、找矿目标及其科学意见。     

湖南城市洪涝易损性诊断与评估

首先从孕育洪涝灾害的环境变异性、社会经济灾敏性、城市土地利用对洪涝的放大作用，防洪标准和人为设障等方面对湖南城市洪涝的易损性进行了总体诊断。然后，选取人口密度、工业产值密度、道路网密度、排水管道密度、建成区绿地率等指标，运用模糊综合评判对之进行了定量评估。将全省城市洪涝的易损性程度划分为5个等级；高度易损性，较高度易损性、中度易损性、较低度易损性、低度易损性。研究结果表明：湖南城市洪涝易损性程度总体水平高，因此，湖南洪涝防治要从以农村为重点转向以城市为重点，加大城市洪涝治理力度；湖南城市洪涝易损性程度等级与城市规模之间没有对应关系，因此，湖南城市洪涝防治应因地制宜。     

山东省就业空间模式及机制研究

利用2000年山东省第五次人口普查数据。对山东省139个县（市、市区）的就业人口结构与空间分布特征进行主成分分析和分层聚类分析。得出连续型圈层、非连续型圈层、跳跃式圈层、混合型圈层、母子型圈层、核心转移型、双核非连续型、带状等8种就业空间模式。并从中心城市、交通、城市间关系3个方面总结出各种模式的形成机制。     

Correlation between Urban Land Change Process and Socioeconomic Development since the 1980s in Jiangsu Province

Studying the process and characteristics of urban land change in different phases of urbanization and different economic development is much important for understanding urban land change and management at a macro level. Taking the example of Jiangsu Province, the present paper studied the correlation between urban land change process and socioeconomic development from 1981 to 2003 on the basis of statistical data. The results showed the following three aspects. First, urban land area has changed periodically and the research duration can be divided into two periods: from 1981 to 1994 and from 1995 to 2003. In each period, the changing trend is the same, i.e. slow at first and then quick. Studying from the comprehensive change status, the characteristic of fluctuant change is significant with three acute change pinnacles in 1988, 1991 and 2002 which were corresponded to turning point years of economic development phases of Jiangsu Province respectively. Second, the synchronization between urban land change and urbanization level change is not strict. With the evolution of urbanization phases, the change pace of urbanization level increased remarkably, but urban land change rate did not increase significantly accordingly. Third, the area of urban land has exponentially increased with the increase of per capita GDP. In different economic development levels classified by per capital GDP, land resource cost for economic development is different, respectively 29.01 hm2, 26.34 hm2, 26.22 hm2, and 11.14 hm2 for the increase of 100 million RMB GDP when the per capita GDP is under 1000, 1000–2000, 2000–5000 and over 5000 RMB.