Temporal and spatial change detecting (1998–2003) and predicting of land use and land cover in Core corridor of Pearl River Delta (China) by using TM and ETM+ images

Land use/land cover (LULC) has a profound impact on economy, society and environment, especially in rapid developing areas. Rapid and prompt monitoring and predicting of LULC’s change are crucial and significant. Currently, integration of Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) methods is one of the most important methods for detecting LULC’s change, which includes image processing (such as geometrical-rectifying, supervised-classification, etc.), change detection (post-classification), GIS-based spatial analysis, Markov chain and a Cellular Automata (CA) models, etc. The core corridor of Pearl River Delta was selected for studying LULC’s change in this paper by using the above methods for the reason that the area contributed 78.31% (1998)–81.4% (2003) of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the whole Pearl River Delta (PRD). The temporal and spatial LULC’s changes from 1998 to 2003 were detected by RS data. At the same time, urban expansion levels in the next 5 and 10 years were predicted temporally and spatially by using Markov chain and a simple Cellular Automata model respectively. Finally, urban expansion and farmland loss were discussed against the background of China’s urban expansion and cropland loss during 1990–2000. The result showed: (1) the rate of urban expansion was up to 8.91% during 1998–2003 from 169,078.32 to 184,146.48 ha; (2) the rate of farmland loss was 5.94% from 312,069.06 to 293,539.95 ha; (3) a lot of farmland converted to urban or development area, and more forest and grass field converted to farmland accordingly; (4) the spatial predicting result of urban expansion showed that urban area was enlarged ulteriorly compared with the previous results, and the directions of expansion is along the existing urban area and transportation lines.     

Evaluating multispecies landscape connectivity in a threatened tropical mammal community

Habitat corridors are important tools for maintaining connectivity in increasingly fragmented landscapes, but generally they have been considered in single‐species approaches. Corridors intended to facilitate the movement of multiple species could increase persistence of entire communities, but at the likely cost of being less efficient for any given species than a corridor intended specifically for that species. There have been few tests of the trade‐offs between single‐ and multispecies corridor approaches. We assessed single‐species and multispecies habitat corridors for 5 threatened mammal species in tropical forests of Borneo. We generated maps of the cost of movement across the landscape for each species based on the species’ local abundance as estimated through hierarchical modeling of camera‐trap data with biophysical and anthropogenic covariates. Elevation influenced local abundance of banded civets (Hemigalus derbyanus) and sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Increased road density was associated with lower local abundance of Sunda clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi) and higher local abundance of sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). Pig‐tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) local abundance was lower in recently logged areas. An all‐species‐combined connectivity scenario with least‐cost paths and 1 km buffers generated total movement costs that were 27% and 23% higher for banded civets and clouded leopards, respectively, than the connectivity scenarios for those species individually. A carnivore multispecies connectivity scenario, however, increased movement cost by 2% for banded civets and clouded leopards. Likewise, an herbivore multispecies scenario provided more effective connectivity than the all‐species‐combined scenario for sambar and macaques. We suggest that multispecies habitat connectivity plans be tailored to groups of ecologically similar, disturbance‐sensitive species to maximize their effectiveness. Evaluación de la Conectividad de Terrenos Multiespecie en una Comunidad Tropical de Mamíferos     

河西走廊及兰州地区典型有机氯农药的大气残留及时空分布特征

利用PUF大气被动采样器对河西走廊及兰州地区进行了为期1 a,分4个季度的大气样品采集,应用HP6890ⅡGC-ECD对大气中典型有机氯农药六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量进行了分析.研究结果表明,河西走廊和兰州地区大气中ΣHCHs(α-HCH+β-HCH+γ-HCH+δ-HCH)和ΣDDTs(p,p’-DDT+o,p’-DDT+p,p’-DDE+p,p’-DDD)的平均浓度分别为86.22 pg.m-3和34.06 pg.m-3,研究区ΣHCHs和ΣDDTs的背景浓度平均为54.41 pg.m-3和21.56 pg.m-3,同国内外其它地区相比,污染处于相对较低的水平.总体而言,ΣHCHs和ΣDDTs均表现出秋季浓度相对较高(均值分别为127.4pg.m-3和47.06 pg.m-3)的季节特征,酒泉、安西、张掖三地的HCHs和DDTs污染水平较高,推测与这3个地区的耕地面积和历史使用量较大有关.源解析表明,研究区内的HCHs主要来源于禁用前的历史残留以及林丹的使用,DDTs来源于工业DDTs的近期使用,部分地区如酒泉和安西可能存在三氯杀螨醇的使用.河西走廊和兰州地区人群通过呼吸途径对HCHs和DDTs的暴露水平较低.     

绿洲农区土地可持续利用初步研究——以河西走廊临泽样区为例

土地可持续利用就是实现土地生产力的持续增长和稳定性 ,保证土地资源潜力和防止土地退化 ,并具有良好的社会效益和经济效益。本文以河西走廊临泽样区为例 ,以根据土系划分出的三种土地利用方式为研究对象 ,对其在土地可持续利用方面进行了定量化评价研究 ,在此基础上 ,提出了绿洲农区土地可持续利用途径     

循环流廊道湿地中氮归趋过程模拟研究

针对新型高效脱氮循环流廊道(CFC)湿地,构建了涵盖6种氮形态、3类介质、10种代谢途径的N循环模型,探索了湿地内N迁移转化模式.结果表明,沸石吸附(53.3%)、植物吸收NH+4-N(27.6%)、NO-3-N反硝化(10.2%)、植物吸收NO-3-N(2.9%)和NO-2-N短程反硝化(1.5%)对TN去除贡献依次降低.NH+4-N去除机制存在季节差异,其中1月NH+4-N主要通过沸石吸附去除(84.5%);4~6月通过植物吸收去除(76.4%~85.3%);7月通过沸石吸附(36.1%)、亚硝化(45.8%)及植物吸收(21.4%)共同去除.此外,定期收获植物、按期再生沸石及种植水生植物可分别提升TN去除率1.7%~7.7%、43.1%~72.2%和19.8%~36.2%.综之,CFC湿地去除途径多样性保障了TN的长期高效去除.     

1960-2009 年河西地区极端干湿事件的演变特征

采用1960-2009 年甘肃省河西地区13 个观测站逐日气象资料,应用FAO Penman-Monteith 模型计算各气象站年和月的地表湿润指数,进行标准化后统计极端干湿事件频率。采用反距离加权插值法、Mann-Kendall 法及Morlet 小波分析对河西地区极端干湿事件的时空演变特征进行探讨。结果表明：近50 a,河西地区极端干旱和湿润事件频率在波动变化中分别呈减少和增加趋势,其倾向率分别为-0.009 次/a、0.019 次/a,且2000 年以后,趋势更为显著;空间变化上,区域内极端干旱事件倾向率的空间差异整体呈减小趋势,以2000-2009 年的空间差异为最小。20 世纪60 年代,大部分区域极端干旱事件频率增加区与极端湿润事件频率减少区相对应,而极端干旱事件频率减少区与极端湿润事件频率增加区相对应。突变分析表明,极端干旱和湿润事件频率分别在1998 年和1986 年发生突变。平均风速、平均气温和相对湿度是影响河西地区极端干湿事件的主要气象因子,极端干旱和湿润事件频率的主周期分别为19 a和26 a。     

论长江产业带协调建设与可持续发展

建设长江产业带不能沿用旧的发展模式，必须寻求一条人口、经济、社会、环境与资源相互协调的、能满足当代人的需求而又不对满足后代人需求的能力构成危害的可持续发展道路。     

河西地区生态环境脆弱性评价与生态环境建设对策研究

本文在对河西地区生态环境进行脆弱度评价的基础上 ,提出河西地区生态环境建设应走生态经济相结合的道路 ,要从建立水资源持续利用机制、科学实施荒漠化防治工程、加强祁连山水源涵养林的保护以及培育特色产业等方面入手 ,进行生态环境建设等     

基于RUE的不同草地类生态评价研究——以河西走廊为例

选择降水利用效率（RUE）作为评价指标,对河西走廊代表性草地类--温性荒漠、高寒草甸、温性草原进行生态评价研究。通过植被指数提取、降水Co-Kriging插值、图层叠加,得到河西走廊区域2006-2010年的RUE(NDVI)、RUE(PVI)、RUE(TSAVI)数据,并与地上生物量进行相关分析,筛选出适合不同草地类的RUE作为该区域生态评价的指标。结果表明：1）温性荒漠区RUE(PVI)与草地生物量风干重正相关性最高（R²=0.879）,高寒草甸区RUE(NDVI)与草地生物量风干重的正相关性最高（R²=0.876）,温性草原区RUE(TSAVI)与草地生物量风干重的正相关性最高（R²=0.895）。2）温性荒漠区、温性草原区生态均处于退化过程,高寒草甸区处于恢复过程。研究认为选择合适的RUE值可作为不同草地类生态评价指标,并具有理论的可行性和实践的可靠性。     

Off-Target Herbicide Deposition Associated with Treating Individual Trees

There are a wide variety of different herbicide treatment methods used to remove single trees. Each method (cut-stump, basal, foliar) has a unique amount of off-target disturbance that should be considered in selecting a treatment for use in management. We quantified the amount of off-target deposition that resulted from four conventional herbicide application methods: 1) basal, 2) cut-stump, 3) high-volume, hydraulic foliar, and 4) low-volume, backpack foliar. Basal and cut-stump herbicide treatments deposited up to 200 and 4000 times more herbicide (a.i. per unit area) at groundline than the low-volume and high-volume foliar treatments, respectively. On a per tree basis, basal and cut-stump treatments deposited nearly six times more total herbicide than high-volume foliar, and 68 times more than low-volume foliar. All of the herbicide deposited off-target landed within 0.6 m of the basal and cut-stump treatments, 3.7 m with the low-volume foliar, and 7.3 m with high-volume foliar methods. Off-target herbicide deposition resulted in affected areas with killed or damaged vegetation ranging in size from 0.36 m² (cut stump) to 7.08 m² (high-volume foliar). Deposition amounts and affected areas were greater with larger trees, compared to smaller ones. We observed that 48% of the total amount of herbicide applied per plot was deposited off-target with cut-stump treatment, compared to only 4% to 11% for the other treatments. We suspect this difference is due to applicator error with the cut-stump treatment, likely related to the type of spray device used to apply the treatment.