雅鲁藏布江河水氢氧同位素时空变化特征

为揭示流域内水汽循环过程变化规律、揭示河水稳定同位素与气象要素及海拔之间的关系,2018年先后采集雅鲁藏布江干流丰、平、枯,水期水样90个,对河水的氢氧同位素组成进行了分析.结果表明：利用δ¹⁸O与纬度和海拔定量关系模型研究了雅江流域降水氢氧同位素空间变化特征,发现降水中δ¹⁸O值变化呈现东西部（雅江上、下游）高中部（雅江中游）低的趋势;建立了雅江丰、平、枯水期河水氢氧同位素方程,研究发现δD与δ¹⁸O的线性方程斜率低于中国大气降水线,河水δD与δ¹⁸O有一定的季节性特征,其受大气降水的影响较大,且丰水期较平水期以及枯水期相比更为明显;雅江河水中δ¹⁸O空间特征表现为,从上游至下游整体表现出先降低再升高的变化趋势.南北空间上表现为河水δD-δ¹⁸O从南至北逐步增高的趋势.δD-δ¹⁸O值与海拔高度具有较弱的负相关关系;受地表蒸发分馏、降水云团迁移以及流域岩石风化的影响,雅江河水d值季节性、空间性变化明显.     

Explosion hazards related to hydrogen releases in nuclear facilities

Hydrogen explosion risk needs to be carefully assessed and evaluated in nuclear facilities because of the potential catastrophic consequences: breakdown of safety equipments, failure of containment, dissemination of radioactive materials in the environment.When studying an indoor release, one possible simplification is to assume a perfect gas mixing inside the room. This assumption is effectively often used to evaluate toxic risks in the environment outside a building (Mastellone, Ponte, & Arena, 2003). However, perfect gas mixing assumption is only a rough approximation, as indoor concentrations can largely differ from mean values, due to buoyancy, recirculation zones or obstacles for example.In order to better evaluate the risk of explosion in case of an accidental release of hydrogen, IRSN conducted a numerical study using FLACS CFD software. Several parameters have been studied to identify dangerous situations and draw a representative picture of the risk: room size, position and direction of hydrogen leak, ventilation characteristics. Hydrogen release flow rates used for numerical simulations have been chosen as the highest leak rate which, by applying the assumption of perfect mixing, produces an average concentration in the room equal to hydrogen lower flammability limit (LFL).Simulation results indicate that in some particular configurations, especially for impinging hydrogen jets, hydrogen concentrations can locally be above LFL and then create explosive atmospheres with significant volumes.     

Determination of the minimum ignition energy on the basis of a statistical approach

Based on existing MIE test results and new measurements, a statistical analysis for the MIE of hydrogen, ethene and propane is made by means of the logistic regression. The conditions necessary to carry out such an approach are discussed. It is shown that MIE values which are connected with a certain ignition probability could be determined adequately and lead to a more sophisticated result, also with regard to measurement uncertainties. This, in turn, leads to a better comparability and a higher informative content. At the same time, the MIEs of hydrogen, ethene and propane are reviewed. In doing so, a useful contribution to the discussion concerning the MIE of propane is made.     

Flame acceleration in unconfined hydrogen/air deflagrations using infrared photography

Flame behavior and blast waves generated during unconfined hydrogen deflagrations were experimentally studied using infrared photography. Infrared photography enables expanding spherical flame behaviors to be measured and flame acceleration exponents to be evaluated. In the present experiments, hydrogen/air mixtures of various concentrations were filled in a plastic tent of thin vinyl sheet of 1 m³ and ignited by an electric spark. The onset of accelerative dynamics on the flame propagation was analyzed by the time histories of the flame radius and the stretched flame speed. The results demonstrated that the self-acceleration of the flame, which was caused by diffusional-thermal and hydrodynamic instabilities of the blast wave, was influenced by hydrogen deflagrations in unconfined areas. In particular, it was demonstrated that the overpressure rapidly increased with time. The burning velocity acceleration was greatly enhanced with spontaneous-turbulization.     

Photocatalytic Production of Methane and Hydrogen Through Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with Water Using Titania Pellets

This paper presents an experimental study on employing a pellet form of catalyst in photo-reduction of carbon dioxide with water. Water was first absorbed into titania pellets. Highly purified carbon dioxide gas was then discharged into a reactor containing the wet pellets, which were then illuminated continuously for 65 hours using UVC lamps. Analysing the products accumulated in the reactor confirmed that methane and hydrogen were produced through photo-reduction of carbon dioxide with water. No other hydrocarbons were detected. Increasing the temperature in the reactor has showed little change on the amount of methane produced.     

高效吸收氧化法处理炼油工业恶臭气体研究

以碳酸钠溶液为吸收液,对苯二酚为催化荆,研究了对炼油企业硫化氢恶臭气体的吸收氧化效果,考察了吸收氧化的影响因素、再生方法及再生效果。结果表明：高效氧化吸收法处理硫化氢恶臭气体效果很好,吸收液可循环使用。     

EGSB厌氧发酵垃圾渗滤液制氢的启动特性研究

利用厌氧膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB),对生活垃圾堆肥厂初期渗滤液的厌氧生物发酵制氢启动特性进行了研究,探讨了反应器对渗滤液中COD、总氮、总磷的去除效果和产氢能力.结果表明在中温35℃±1℃,有机负荷1.4~16.7 g/(L.d),pH为5.0~5.5的条件下,经过20 d的适应期后,EGSB反应器可以实现连续稳定产氢.在水力停留时间为30 h,液体上升流速为3.0 m/h的稳定运行阶段,最高产氢率为1 460 mL/(L.d),氢气含量为19%~33%,COD去除率为50%~70%,总磷、总氮的去除率稳定在40%~70%、32%~65%.液相末端发酵产物中乙醇和乙酸总含量占挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)总量的80%以上,发酵类型以乙醇发酵型为主.     

Hydrogen and transportation: alternative scenarios

If hydrogen (H₂) is to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and oil use, it needs to displace conventional transport fuels and be produced in ways that do not generate significant greenhouse gas emissions. This paper analyses alternative ways H₂ can be produced, transported and used to achieve these goals. Several H₂ scenarios are developed and compared to each other. In addition, other technology options to achieve these goals are analyzed. A full fuel cycle analysis is used to compare the energy use and carbon (C) emissions of different fuel and vehicle strategies. Fuel and vehicle costs are presented as well as cost-effectiveness estimates. Lowest hydrogen fuel costs are achieved using fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage. The fuel supply cost for a H₂ fuel cell car would be close to those for an advanced gasoline car, once a large-scale supply system has been established. Biomass, wind, nuclear and solar sources are estimated to be considerably more expensive. However fuel cells cost much more than combustion engines. When vehicle costs are considered, climate policy incentives are probably insufficient to achieve a switch to H₂. The carbon dioxide (CO₂) mitigation cost would amount to several hundred US$ per ton of CO₂. Energy security goals and the eventual need to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations could be sufficient. Nonetheless, substantial development of related technologies, such as C capture and storage will be needed. Significant H₂ use will also require substantial market intervention during a transition period when there are too few vehicles to motivate widely available H₂ refueling.

Study on the effect of explosion suppression equipment on hydrogen explosions

Hydrogen safety is a critical component of modern industrial safety production. In this study, a set of hydrogen explosion suppression equipment is designed independently. The suppression effects of the equipment on hydrogen explosions are studied at normal room temperature and pressure. The experimental results show that the actuation time of the equipment and the spraying mode of the suppressant are the main factors leading to the failure of the hydrogen explosion suppression equipment. The flame, with a hydrogen equivalence ratio of 0.7 and 1.0, spreads out of control when the suppressant touches the flame front. At this time, the addition of the suppressant enhances flame propagation and increases pressure. In addition, because the suppressant does not fully cover the developing flame, the hydrogen flame with the equivalence ratio of 0.5 eventually breaks through the suppressant cloud, and the explosion happens. However, when the initial flame is completely covered by the suppressant, the hydrogen explosion is suppressed by hydrogen explosion suppression equipment. This research provides a solid and reliable foundation for hydrogen explosion suppression equipment in industrial safety and production protection.     

A novel proton-gradient-transfer acid complexes as an efficient and reusable catalyst for fatty acid esterification

In this work, a series of novel proton-gradient-transfer acid complexes (PGTACs) were developed. Their physicochemical properties, including thermal stability, melting point, and Hammett acidity, were measured. The effects of catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and substrate expansion on the catalytic performance were systematically studied. It is found that the combination of bidentate N-heterocycle and H2SO4 (1:2 M ratio) could form simultaneously N–H covalent bond and N…H hydrogen bond, which makes the PGTACs excellent catalysts integrate the advantages of strong acids (high catalytic activity) and ionic liquids (phase separation) in the esterification reaction. Moreover, these PGTACs can be reused by convenient phase separation without obvious diminution of catalytic activity. It is concluded that these PGTACs are potential alternative candidates for esterification reaction in the process of industrial catalysis.