Determination of water environment standards based on water quality criteria in China: Limitations and feasibilities

There is a need to formulate water environment standards (WESs) from the current water quality criteria (WQC) in China. To this end, we briefly summarize typical mechanisms applied in several countries with longer histories of developing WESs, and three limitations to formulating WESs in China were identified. After analyzing the feasibility factors including economic development, scientific support capability and environmental policies, we realized that China is still not ready for a complete change from its current nation-wide unified WES system to a local-standard-based system. Thus, we proposed a framework for transformation from WQC to WESs in China. The framework consists of three parts, including responsibilities, processes and policies. The responsibilities include research authorization, development of guidelines, and collection of information, at both national and local levels; the processes include four steps and an impact factor system to establish water quality standards; and the policies include seven specific proposals.     

ISO14001标准中环境因素的识别与评价方法研究

全面识别组织的环境因素,准确评价重要环境因素是建立与保持ISO14001环境管理体系的基础.目前中国已有多个城市、开发区和风景区建立了区域性环境管理体系(简称REMS),该体系所涉及的环境因素范围广泛且数量众多,因此单独使用任何一种方法都难以达到对这种复杂体系的环境因素识别与评价的需要.在厦门鼓浪屿建立环境管理体系的过程中,提出了适合于REMS的环境因素分类与识别方法,并建一套由环境因素的法律法规符合性、可控制、重要度三个评价因子和多个评价准则构成的,定性与定量方法相结合的评价体系.     

Statistical hypothesis testing formulations for U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone

Environmental regulatory standards are intended to protect human health and environmental welfare. Current standards are based on scientific and policy considerations but appear to lack rigorous statistical foundations and may have unintended regulatory consequences. We examine current and proposed U.S. environmental regulatory standards for ozone from the standpoint of their formulation and performance within a statistical hypothesis testing framework. We illustrate that the standards can be regarded as representing constraints on a percentile of the ozone distribution, where the percentile involved depends on the defined length of ozone season and the constraint is stricter in regions with greater variability. A hypothesis testing framework allows consideration of error rates (probability of false declaration of violation and compliance) and we show that the existing statistics on which the standards are based can be improved upon in terms of bias and variance. Our analyses also raise issues relating to network design and the possibilities of defining a regionally based standard that acknowledges and accounts for spatial and temporal variability in the ozone distribution.     

浅谈石油化工厂重要环境因素的评价

以石油化工厂为例，从评价重要环境因素的四个步骤入手，通过对PTA装置环境因素的分析，运用综合方法确定其重要环境因素。     

基于Bayes判别模型的火场中铜导线短路熔痕 定量金相鉴定方法研究

借助计算机图像处理技术,改进了定量金相分析方法,测量了20个一次短路熔痕和20个二次短路熔痕的金相组织,对数据进行了主成分分析,提炼出了晶粒特征因子、气孔特征因子和复合因子三个主成分,基于Bayes判别法建立了火场中短路熔痕定量金相分析判别模型,经自身检验和交互检验,准确率均高于80%,充分满足鉴定要求,为更加有效地应用定量金相法鉴别短路熔痕提供了理论依据。     

Work environment risk factors for injuries in wood processing

Problem

The reported injury rate for wood product manufacturing in Maine, 1987-2004, was almost twice the state-wide average for all jobs. Method: A case-control study was conducted in wood processing plants to determine preventable risk factors for injury. A total of 157 cases with injuries reported to workers' compensation and 251 controls were interviewed. Results: In multivariable analyses, variables associated with injury risk were high physical workload, machine-paced work or inability to take a break, lack of training, absence of a lockout/tagout program, low seniority, and male gender. Different subsets of these variables were significant when acute incidents and overexertions were analyzed separately and when all injuries were stratified by industry sub-sector. Impact on industry: Generalizability may be limited somewhat by non-representative participation of workplaces and individuals. Nevertheless, these findings provide evidence that many workplace injuries occurring in wood processing could be prevented by application of ergonomics principles and improved work organization.     

Forensic Applications of Nitrogen and Oxygen Isotopes in Tracing Nitrate Sources in Urban Environments

Ground and surface waters in urban areas are susceptible to nitrate contamination from septic systems, leaking sewer lines, and fertilizer applications. Source identification is a primary step toward a successful remediation plan in affected areas. In this respect, nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of nitrate, in conjunction with hydrologic data and water chemistry, have proven valuable in urban studies from Austin, Texas, and Tacoma, Washington. In Austin, stream water was sampled during stremflow and baseflow conditions to assess surface and subsurface sources of nitrate, respectively. In Tacoma, well waters were sampled in adjacent sewered and un-sewered areas to determine if locally high nitrate concentrations were caused by septic systems in the un-sewered areas. In both studies, sewage was identified as a nitrate source and mixing between sewage and other sources of nitrate was apparent. In addition to source identification, combined nitrogen and oxygen isotopes were important in determining the significance of denitrification, which can complicate source assessment by reducing nitrate concentrations and increasing i 15 N values. The two studies illustrate the value of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate for forensic applications in urba areas.     

医用电气设备的环境试验

国家标准GB9706.1-2007《医用电气设备第1部分：安全通用要求》中10.1和10.2明确规定了医用电气设备的运输和储存、运行等环境条件,具体试验方法则依据国家标准GB/T14710-93《医用电气设备环境要求及试验方法》。     

Source identification of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc loading in wastewater reclamation plant influents from corrosion of brass in plumbing fixtures

A natural experiment indicated that a link between the presence and concentration of four elements, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc in the influent to two wastewater reclamation plants to the presence and concentrations of the same four elements in the tap water of residential properties. There were 36 populations of results that were assessed for the normality of their distribution, the difference in their median concentrations, the similarity in the ratios of their median concentrations, and the correlations of the concentrations. The results of this study suggest that brass corrosion is the major source of these four elements in the water reclamation plants influent and that there are two distinct populations of brass sources, those in the early stages of dezincification where the release of the non-copper elements is dominant and those in the later stages where the release of copper dominates and the type of brass that is corroding.     

Pattern Recognition Based Software for Oil Spills Identification by Gas-Chromatography and IR Spectrophotometry

For environmental control purposes, floating oil spills in harbours, off shore areas and their sources must often be identified. Pattern recognition, applied to JR spectrophotometric data (600-2000 cm m 1 range), and to chromatographic data ( n -alkanes) for the spill and various suspected sources such as oil and fuels from ships bunkers and harbour installations, can lead to definite conclusions; particularly after artificial weathering formula are used. The software application provides quick and accurate identification of the pollution source. The identification algorithm has a learning stage in which the user creates a minimal database. This database has a tree structure with classes (fuels, crude, etc.) and members representing samples from already known sources. A sample contains JR and chromatographic data and information of the originating source. A larger database means more knowledge, which conveys a better identification. When the origin of an unknown sample is searched for, the software looks for the best match through the database and displays the results in two lists; sorted by calculated similarity. One list displays the classes in which the unknown sample could be included and the other displays the possible sources. An extra check can be done by visual inspection of the overlapped graphics (unknown sample and each of the identified sources).