日本废弃物的管理制度与研究现状 Ⅲ.日本废弃物的试验分析方法体系(A)产业废弃物的监测对象、目的与评价标准

本文就日本产业废弃物的监测内容、最新评价标准及其制定的基本思路进行了评述。     

What kinds of injuries do OSHA inspections prevent?

Objective

OSHA's enforcement program is one of the major public efforts to protect American workers. We examine both the scope of injury prevention that inspections can contribute and the types of standards that contribute the most.

Methods

We linked Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry files for lost-time injuries and employment to calculate injury rates for 1998-2005 for all single-establishment manufacturing firms. We linked these to OSHA inspection records.

Results

Inspections with penalties did affect injury types unrelated to standards as well as those related. We also found again that citations for violations of the standard requiring personal protective equipment had the largest impact on preventing injuries.

Impact on Industry

Programs requiring protective equipment use deserve added attention from consultants and inspectors. In addition, some inspections spur managers to undertake safety measures that go beyond compliance with standards.     

区域开发环境影响评价中的环境影响识别

系统的分析了区域开发活动具有的主要特征,论述了区域开发环境影响识别的主要内容、识别方法、识别程序,确定了区域开发环境影响要素和环境影响性质。     

区域开发的灾害识别和对策

区域开发是当前普遍采用的一种经济发展模式，然而区域开发活动引起的灾害还没有引起足够的重视。该文多区域开发建设活动与区域环境相互影响的观点，介绍了对区域开发引起的灾害进行识别的方法及其对策分析。区域灾害识别可采用历史记录法，成因分析法、预测法等方法。区域灾害对策有非工程性和工程性两类，工程性对策应根据区域灾害的类型、频率、强度、损失及区域开发性质来决定，而非工程性对策中建立区域统一的防灾救灾组织管理     

几株亚硝化菌的筛选及初步鉴定

通过富集培养获得了几株自养型氨氧化菌，在进行形态学和生化检验之后，又设计了几对引物，以扩增亚硝化菌的特征性基因Amoa。试验表明，不同菌株采用不同引物，均扩增出了预期片段，所以可初步断定，所筛选到的菌种确为亚硝化菌。     

烟尘粒度识别试验研究

燃煤烟尘是影响大气环境质量的重要因素 ,由于烟尘中不同粒径的颗粒物对环境和人体健康危害程度有很大差异 ,其中尤以 1 0μm以下的尘粒危害为甚。本文通过对全市不同炉型和煤种进行烟尘粒度分级测定与研究 ,初步揭示了本地区燃煤排放烟尘中不同粒径尘的分布及组成 ,为深度治理烟尘污染提供了技术依据。     

初始环境评审中环境因素的识别和评价方法

初始环境评审是组织建立和实施环境管理体系的基础，而环境因素的识别和评价是这一过程的关键。探讨了识别和评价环境因素的准则，介绍了几种环境因素的识别和评价方法。     

A heuristic for setting effective standards to ensure global environmental sustainability

Most environmental professionals and decision-makers, and certainly the public at large, hold the view that the integrity of earth’s natural environment will be conserved for posterity and sustainable development achieved if all the nations rigorously enforced their environmental and emission standards. It is argued in this paper that this view, sincerely held by many as an “axiomatic truth,” is mistaken and misplaced. This is because as a biogeochemical entity the Earth has limited self-regenerative capacity (SRC) to cope with anthropogenic pollution, and all kinds of environmental problems ensue when that limit is exceeded. Indeed, mounting environmental problems now occurring on all fronts amply testify to the fact that the limit has already been exceeded. They also provide necessary and sufficient proof that environmental and emission standards have been woefully inadequate for protecting earth’s natural environment and life-support systems. It is argued that true global environmental sustainability will be achieved, paving the way to true global sustainable development, if and only if global environmental and emission standards are set so that global anthropogenic pollution does not exceed the limit of earth’s natural SRC to cope with such pollution. These and related issues are discussed in this paper. A simple mathematical model using basic mathematics is also presented to explain how the phenomenon of “positive feedback” works in some of the environmental problems to exacerbate environmental degradation and progressively to erode nature’s SRC.

Passing the Panda Standard: A TAD Off the Mark?

Tilapia, a tropical freshwater fish native to Africa, is an increasingly important global food commodity. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), a major environmental nongovernmental organization, has established stakeholder dialogues to formulate farm certification standards that promote “responsible” culture practices. As a preface to its “tilapia aquaculture dialogue,” the WWF for Nature commissioned a review of potential certification issues, later published as a peer-reviewed article. This article contends that both the review and the draft certification standards subsequently developed fail to adequately integrate critical factors governing the relative sustainability of tilapia production and thereby miss more significant issues related to resource-use efficiency and the appropriation of ecosystem space and services. This raises a distinct possibility that subsequent certification will promote intensive systems of tilapia production that are far less ecologically benign than existing widely practiced semi-intensive alternatives. Given the likely future significance of this emergent standard, it is contended that a more holistic approach to certification is essential.     

Improved and Standardized Methodology for Oil Spill Fingerprinting

The existing Nordtest methodology for oil spill Identification has over the past 10 years formed an important "platform" for solving oil spill identification cases both in the Scandinavian countries as well as other countries in Europe, the USA and Canada. " Revision of the Nordtest Methodology for Oil Spill Identification " is a cooperative project between the National Oil Spill Identification laboratories in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and the Battelle Memorial Institute (Duxbury) in the USA. The goals of the project are: (1) to refine the existing Nordtest methodology into a technically more robust and defensible oil spill identification methodology with focus on determination of quantitative diagnostic indices (ratios) and (2) to adjust the revised Nordtest methodology into guidelines for the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). This paper presents the recommended methodology for the analytical oil spill identification part. The sampling techniques and handling of oil samples and background (reference) samples prior to their arrival at the environmental forensic laboratory is not covered in this paper. The recommended methodology approach is a result of documented analytical improvements and a more quantitative treatment of analytical data from gas chromatographic-flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometer methods (GC/MS-SIM) and the operational experiences over past few years among the participating forensic laboratories. The experience and literature in the field of oil exploration and production geochemistry have also played an important role for the recommended methodology. The results from a recent Round Robin test carried out among 12 laboratories using this new methodology are presented in a separate paper in this issue (Faksness et at ., 2002d).