Would hotelling kill the electric car?

In this paper, we show that the potential for endogenous technological change in alternative energy sources may alter the behaviour of resource-owning firms. When technological progress in an alternative energy source can occur through learning-by-doing, resource owners face competing incentives to extract rents from the resource and to prevent expansion of the new technology. We show that in such a context, it is not necessarily the case that scarcity-driven higher traditional energy prices over time will induce alternative energy supply as resources are exhausted. Rather, we show that as we increase the learning potential in the substitute technology, lower equilibrium energy prices prevail and there may be increased resource extraction and greenhouse gas emissions. We show that the effectiveness and the incidence of emissions reduction policies may be altered by increased potential for technological change. Our results suggest that treating finite resource rents as endogenous consequences of both technological progress and policy changes will be important for the accurate assessment of climate change policy.     

Culpable versus non-culpable traffic accidents; what is wrong with this picture?

INTRODUCTION: It is often implicitly or explicitly assumed in traffic accident research that drivers with accidents designated as non-culpable are a random sample from the population. However, this assumption is dependent upon differences in the criterion used for culpability. If drivers are erroneously categorized by assuming randomness, results could be grossly misleading. METHOD: The assumption of randomness leads to two predictions: first, no correlation should exist between culpable and non-culpable crashes; and second, the accident groups should differ on the variables known to be associated with accidents, such as amount of driving experience. These predictions were tested in two samples of bus drivers. RESULTS: It was found that in a sample with a harsh criterion (70% culpable accidents) for crash responsibility, the drivers with non-culpable accidents had the features expected, namely, they were more experienced for example, while in a sample with a lenient criterion (50 % culpable), this was not so. DISCUSSION: It was concluded that similar studies to the present one would need to be undertaken to establish exactly what percentage of drivers in a given population should be assigned culpable accidents, and construct a criterion that yields this ratio. Otherwise, the theoretical assumptions of randomness and non-responsibility will probably be violated to some degree. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Many estimates of risk of crash involvement may have been wrong. Given the potential for erroneous criteria, a number of studies may make invalid assumptions from their data.     

MAP 结晶法回收和去除尿液中的磷

以分解后的尿液为研究对象,采用MgCl₂·6H₂Ｏ 溶液作为MAP结晶剂,对MAP结晶同步回收尿液中的磷和部分氮的影响因素Mg/PO^３－₄-P摩尔比、反应pH、反应时间、沉淀时间和搅拌速度等进行小试试验.结果表明,Mg/PO^３－₄-P摩尔比是重要的运行参数,当其摩尔比超过1.3∶1时,磷的回收率超过95%,上清液剩余PO^３－₄-P浓度小于10 mg/Ｌ,而提高反应pH不能明显增加磷的回收率.该工艺的最佳运行条件为反应时间20 min,沉淀时间2.0 h,搅拌速度120 r/min,不需要pH调节控制.选择Mg/PO^３－₄-P摩尔比分别为1∶1、1.3∶1和1.5∶1,对在最佳条件下反应获得的3种产物采用SEM、XRD和ICP分析表明,3种产物都为比较纯净的MAP产品,其主要元素P、N、Mg的含量接近于MAP的理论含量（P=12.62%, N = 5.71%, Mg= 9.91%）,分别为13.54%, 5.34%,9.01% (Mg/PO^３－₄-P =1∶1)、13.78%,5.23%,9.36% (Mg/PO^３－₄-P =1.3∶1)和13.34%,5.12%,9.15% (Mg/PO^３－₄-P=1.5∶1),具有较高的回收利用价值.     

磁场对静态纳滤过程的膜通量及CaCO3结晶的影响

使用NF270型和NF型纳滤膜研究了经磁化预处理的钙溶液的静态纳滤过程,并与未经磁化预处理钙溶液的静态纳滤结果相比较.结果表明,当水样中Ca²⁺ 浓度为3.6 mmol/L,硬度等于碱度,初始水样体积为300 mL,体积浓缩倍数为2时,普通溶液的膜通量随滤出液体积呈现单调递减趋势;但处理磁化溶液时,膜通量随滤出液的体积先下降后上升,然后才下降,且平均膜通量比普通溶液的高,表明磁化预处理可以改善纳滤膜的部分操作性能.对膜的扫描电镜分析表明,处理磁化溶液的纳滤膜膜面上生成的晶体相对较多.综合纳滤膜通量和膜面晶体生成量的观察,认为磁场的引入可使膜表面结晶速率增加,致使膜面溶质浓度降低,通量上升,同时因生成的晶体全部留在膜面上,运行一段时间后有效膜面积减少,又导致通量下降.晶体生成量较多的膜,通量却相对较高,这与平常对膜污染的认识相矛盾.通过对结晶过程的理论分析,认为一定程度的结晶对膜操作性能有改善作用.     

A/O交替运行钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池处理模拟生活污水脱氮除磷特性

利用两级钢渣基复合滤料生物滤池(SSMBF)构建厌氧/好氧(A/O)交替运行工艺系统.在单池HRT=2h,A/O交替周期48h,厌氧DO=0.2~0.5mg/L,好氧DO=3~5mg/L,T=23~27℃的运行条件下,考察了SSMBF系统对模拟生活污水(pH=6.8~7.5,COD=260~330mg/L,NH4+-N=35~40mg/L,PO43--P=9~11mg/L)的处理效果,分析了其氨氮和磷去除特性.结果表明,两级A/O交替SSMBF系统具有良好的生活污水处理能力,对氨氮、磷和COD的去除率分别为95%、40%~60%和83.3%,出水氨氮、磷和COD浓度分别为0.5mg/L?3~6mg/L和50mg/L.在厌氧/好氧交替周期为48h的工况下,SSMBF系统的氨氧化菌和聚磷菌分别可在10h和8h恢复最佳活性.SEM?EDS表征和污染物去除特性分析结果显示,A/O交替运行SSMBF系统充分发挥了钢渣基复合滤料的离子和碱度释放特性,通过聚磷菌的厌氧释磷效应,在厌氧SSMBF中诱导促进了生物-结晶协同除磷,结晶产物为以羟基磷灰石为主的磷酸盐化合物.     

页岩气压裂返排液的分析与双效MVR处理

对西南地区某页岩气田压裂返排液进行了分析,在此基础上采用双效机械蒸汽再压缩(MVR)系统对其进行处理,建立了完整的计算模型,并对影响系统的主要参数进行了探讨。压裂返排液分析结果表明:蒸发浓缩液黏度与相同浓度氯化钠溶液的黏度相近,可排除因有机物富集导致其在蒸发器内壁附着而影响传热系数及堵塞蒸发器的可能。模型计算结果表明:进料含盐率由2%增至6%时,压缩机比功耗与压缩机进气量的降幅均小于4.0%,两效蒸发器面积分别减小约4.3%和18.5%;传热温差由4℃升至8℃时,压缩机比功耗增加约51.0%,两效蒸发器面积均减小约49.6%;在系统安全运行的前提下,提高蒸发温度可降低系统能耗。     

PA6/煤系高岭土复合材料的制备与性能

用不同硅烷类偶联剂和钛酸酯偶联剂处理煤系高岭土,研究了煤系高岭土活化指数的变化,制备了PA6／煤系高岭土复合材料,研究了材料的力学性能和结晶行为。结果表明：在PA6中填充用偶联剂处理的煤系高岭土,可起到增强作用,其中钛酸脂偶联剂NDZ101效果较好,其合适用量为1％,经偶联剂处理的煤系高岭土比未处理的煤系高岭土具有更好的增强效果;煤系高岭土使尼龙6的结晶温度升高,结晶速度加快。     

氯化钡废液联产氢氧化钙和氯化钡

讨论了氯化钡废液联产氢氧化钙及高纯氯化钡的方法和主要影响因素。通过复盐共沉淀、热滤、结晶、精制纯化等工序,用氯化钡的蒸发残液制得了工业级的氢氧化钙和高纯度氯化钡,其纯度分别达95％和99．92％以上。采用有机溶剂析出法精制氯化钡,无需重结晶工序,是对传统工艺的一种改进。     

低温结晶净化柠檬酸盐解吸贫液中硫酸根

在柠檬酸盐吸收—解吸脱硫技术中,完成循环吸收过程的吸收液由于烟气杂质催化和高温解吸变成了含低二氧化硫浓度、中高硫酸根浓度、多种有机酸共存的柠檬酸盐解吸贫液,造成吸收效率下降、SO2平衡容量严重降低,必须进行溶液净化,特别是净化硫酸根。针对这一问题,实验室采用低温结晶法净化柠檬酸盐脱硫解吸贫液模拟液,通过对溶液中硫酸根浓度分析,研究了不同反应时间、温度、初始硫酸根浓度、柠檬酸根总浓度和溶液p H对硫酸根去除效率的影响。结果表明,硫酸根去除率与冷冻温度和溶液p H有关。在柠檬酸根总浓度1.5 mol/L,初始硫酸根浓度40 g/L,冷冻温度3℃,p H 4.5的条件下,可将硫酸根净化至16.9 g/L。     

浙闽中生代火山岩母岩浆性质及其分异机制探讨

浙闽地区中生代火山岩以酸性成分占绝对优势(流纹岩和英安岩占90％以上)。众多火山机构内侵出相的碎斑熔岩、先前喷出的火山岩和末期定位的中央侵人体“三相一体”的现象普遍发育,对一特定的火山机构,可以用中央侵入体的成分近似地代表母岩浆的成分。区内下火山岩系的母岩浆相当于石英闪长质,而上火山岩系的母岩浆则相当于流纹英安质(相对较酸性)。不同性质的母岩浆具有不同的分异演化方式,其中低硅质岩浆内的分异主要是通过以长石为主的矿物分离结品来实施的,而高硅质岩浆的分异则以对流分异和元素在液态下的扩散分异为主。