内蒙古多伦县土地利用动态遥感监测应用研究

在内蒙古多伦县两轮土地利用现状调查中，利用多时相卫星图象（TM）数据。根据多伦地区各类地物的波谱特征。采用了假彩色合成及比值假彩色合成等遥感图象处理方法，建立了土地利用动态监测解译标志。在地理信息系统技术的支持下。对多伦地区土地利用的空间分布和面积进行了详细的解译和测算。制成动态遥感监测图。本文为多伦县地方政府提供了真实可靠的各类土地利用现状的数据。为土地的合理利用及沙化治理提出了相应的对策。     

秋浇对内蒙古农业灌区磷元素迁移转化的影响

通过对内蒙古农业灌区一年中水量最大的一次灌溉（秋浇）期间,灌、排水干渠和农田土壤中总磷（TP）、无机磷（IP）以及有机磷（OP）进行分析监测,考察了秋浇对灌区磷元素迁移转化的影响.研究表明,秋浇使灌区土壤水分得到极大地补充,促进了土壤磷元素的溶解.由于灌溉引水中携带了大量泥沙,附着了较高含量的颗粒态磷（PP）,并沉积在农田土壤中,使灌区土壤总磷含量略有升高,排水中总磷浓度降低.原有土壤中有机磷在碱性环境中与土壤中钙离子形成难溶性盐类,促进反应平衡向有机磷增加的方向进行,使灌区有机磷含量大幅增加.同时,在周期较长的淹灌期间,土壤潮湿的厌氧环境增强,促进了厌氧微生物对溶解态磷的吸收利用,将其转变成有机态磷,因而在灌区土壤和排水中有机磷含量均有显著提高.     

Informal mining in Mongolia: livelihood change and continuity in the rangelands

Change has been the leitmotif of Mongolia in recent years as the country rides on the back of a mining boom, but enormous upheavals tear apart Mongolian economic, political and social fabrics. Yet, Mongolian imagination continues to be imbued with the idea of nomadic herders, the quintessential pasture and rangeland dwellers of the steppes. The conflicting visions raise the question: “How is the livelihood of Mongolia’s nomadic herders responding to the diverse changes ushered in by the post-socialist economic reforms?” This paper investigates this question in the context of the growing artisanal and small-scale mining, which is described as informal mining, and argues that the Mongolian nomads are continually (re)adjusting their livelihoods through informal mining to cope with the variety of transitions triggered off by processes put in place by state policies. It argues that the nomadic herders are not only responding to climate change or poverty, but are also stepping up to seek a share of the mineral resource wealth that the state is promising to the international investors. The aim of the paper is to offer an alternative interpretation of the commodity rush by erstwhile rural-based nomadic herders of Mongolia, and to link their involvement in informal mining with global debates of political economy.     

Wintertime Surface Heat Exchange for the Inner Mongolia Reach of the Yellow River

This study analyzed the wintertime surface heat exchange for the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River, China, based on the data from the nearby weather station at Wulateqianqi. In this analysis, the solar radiation is based on the observed data. Other components of the surface heat flux, that is, long‐wave radiation, and evaporative and conductive heat fluxes, are calculated. The relative importance of the contributions of long‐wave radiation, conductive, and evaporative heat fluxes are in descending order. The air temperature is the most important meteorological factor to the total heat flux. Although the wind speed influences evaporative and conductive heat fluxes, it has the least correlation with the total heat budget. The heat exchange coefficient for the linearized surface heat exchange equation is 21.87 W/(m² °C), which is comparable with published values in the regions of United States and Canada with similar latitudes.     

内蒙古县域经济发展水平时空差异研究

采用《省级主体功能区划分技术规程》中经济发展水平指标的计算方法,以内蒙古101个旗、县、区为研究对象,选取各地GDP产值和人均GDP数值,探讨2000-2004年和2005-2009年两个时段内蒙古县域经济发展变化状况.结果表明,内蒙古县域经济发展水平的时空差异十分显著,县域经济发展水平差距在逐渐扩大,各地区经济发展极不均衡,这种时空差异与内蒙古各县区的地理位置、经济基础、资源禀赋、发展策略、人力资源等紧密相关.     

Property rights and grassland degradation: a study of the Xilingol pasture, Inner Mongolia, China

The semi-private property rights arrangement called the Household Production Responsibility System (HPRS) was started in the early 1980s in Xilingol pasture of Inner Mongolia (China), and stimulated the development of stockbreeding. The grassland has been degrading severely with increasing numbers of livestock. Based on a historical review of property rights regimes in Inner Mongolia and empirical surveys in Xilingol pasture during 2001-2003, this paper assesses the implementation of HPRS and its impacts on incomes of households as well as the environmental impact on the grassland. It was found that HPRS does not mitigate the "Tragedy of the Commons", instead it has exacerbated the situation. It was also found that co-management of grassland and livestock among a few households presents a sustainable use of grassland to develop livestock breeding. We conclude with the recommendation that small-scale collective property rights systems should be encouraged in Xilingol pasture of Inner Mongolia.     

内蒙古干草原火险气候区划及火管理对策研究

利用内蒙古锡林郭勒盟干草原地区1953－1997年的火情及气候资料，全面系统地分析了草原火灾的时空分布规律，以影响草原火险的主要气候因子为指标，并考虑火发生的综合条件，确定了草原火险气候区划的指标系统，采用聚类分析方法进行了火险气候区划，并提出了相应的火管理对策。     

呼和浩特地区沙尘污染的环流特征分析与预报

呼和浩特地区每年发生多次大范围的沙尘天气污染,给交通运输、生态环境和人类生产生活带来诸多不利影响,尤其近年来, PM 2．5,PM 10已成为全社会关注的焦点,沙尘污染已引起社会与政府的高度关注。因此,对沙尘天气的分析与预报就显得尤为重要。本文对2002年至2011年近10年呼和浩特地区的沙尘污染下的天气环流特征进行了统计分析,并且进行了诊断分析,研究结果表明呼和浩特地区沙尘天气的气候特征是：年平均沙尘日数在27天以上,且大部分的沙尘污染源为系统性的外来沙尘,其余的为局地沙尘污染来自城市开发区域的地表裸土与建筑沙石;环流特征是：当北太平洋地区副高位势高度偏低,青藏高原至新疆500hPa高压脊异常偏强,亚洲大陆中高纬高度场较常年偏高时,呼和浩特市沙尘日数偏少。当春季太平洋海温表现为反厄尔尼诺（厄尔尼诺）典型态时,同期沙尘日数偏多（少）,反之亦然。通过对典型环流背景下沙尘暴的数值模拟和诊断分析,找出沙尘天气的预报着眼点：沙尘暴发生在不稳定的大气层结中,伴随有能量的积聚和释放,随着地面蒙古气旋及冷锋的强烈发展,中尺度切变线触发了沙尘活动。 MODIS卫星也对沙尘有一定的预报监视作用。     

内蒙古地区近25年植被对气温和降水变化的影响

利用1982—2006年内蒙古地区GIMMS-NDVI和降水量、气温数据,分析了不同植被类型对气温和降水变化趋势的影响。结果表明：近25年来内蒙古地区气温整体上呈上升趋势,降水量呈微弱降低趋势,西部荒漠区呈暖湿化趋势,中东部草原、森林等植被类型区呈暖干化趋势;从不同植被类型NDVI与平均气温和降水量的变化趋势率相关分析表明,NDVI值越低,升温趋势越明显,其中春季和秋季各植被类型间NDVI与季均气温升高趋势率呈显著和较显著的相关,夏、冬季关系不明显;植被NDVI越高,降水量减少趋势越明显。基于栅格的NDVI与气温升高幅度、降水变化趋势相关分析表明,年均气温升高幅度基本随NDVI的增加而降低,其中春、夏和秋季的季均气温升高幅度均随NDVI的增加而显著降低,冬季趋势不明显;而年降水量减小趋势率随植被NDVI的增加而显著增加,其中春季和冬季NDVI变化对降水的变化几乎没有影响;夏季和秋季均表现为随NDVI的增加,降水减小趋势率呈增加趋势。     

不同土壤层中4种菊酯类农药残留量的测定

采集农田中表层、里层、深层土壤,采用正己烷 ∶ 丙酮＝1 ∶ 1(V/V)作为提取剂^[1,2],土壤样品于Florisil柱中净化,浓缩定容后,用电子捕获检测器检测,石英毛细管柱气相色谱法测定,用外标法定量。以农田表层土壤测定结果为例,甲氰菊酯的回收率为85.2%~102.7%,RSD为2.27%~5.41%;氯氰菊酯的回收率为80.5%~102.7%,RSD为2.84%~6.70%;氰戊菊酯的回收率为80.2%~103.0%,RSD为2.33%~5.95%;溴氰菊酯的回收率为80.8%~102.7%,RSD为2.45%~6.24%。方法简便、快速、成本低。