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991.
PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubber. SO2 abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H2S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO2 abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO2 abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K+) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K+/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning. 相似文献
992.
Model reactor for photocatalytic degradation of persistent chemicals in ponds and waste water 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
A laboratory scale flow-through model reactor for the degradation of persistent chemicals using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as photocatalyst immobilized on glass beads is presented. In the test system with a volume of 18 L contaminated water is pumped to the upper part of the floating reactor and flows over the coated beads which are exposed to UV-radiation. The degradation of two dyes of different persistance was investigated. Primary degradation of methylene blue did not fit a first order kinetic due to coincident adsorption onto the photocatalyst and direct photolysis, resulting in a half-life of 6 h. A filtrate of a green algae suspension accelerated the colour removal. In contrast, reactive red 2 was degraded only by photocatalysis; neither adsorption nor direct photolysis led to a colour removal. The course of primary degradation followed a first order kinetic with a half-life of 18 h and a rate constant of 0.04 h−1. Analysis of the degradation products indicated mineralization by detection of NO2− and NO3−, accompanied by a decrease of pH and an increase of conductivity. A successful adaptation of the model reactor (scale 1:10) to dimensions required for surface waters and waste water treatment plants would be a costefficient and environmentally sustainable application of photocatalysis for the treatment of industrially polluted water and could be of relevance for third world contries, particularly those favoured by high solar radiation. 相似文献
993.
994.
Laurie A. McNair Robert A. Harley Armistead G. Russell 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1996,30(24):4291-4301
The Southern California Air Quality Study database provides a valuable resource with which to test urban-scale photochemical models and to achieve a better understanding of the atmospheric dynamics of pollutant formation. The CIT model was evaluated using the SCAQS database according to traditional model performance guidelines. A first application, reported previously, focused on model enhancement and application of the model to the 27–29 August 1987 episode. This study evaluates the CIT model using the 24–25 June SCAQS episode, providing further evaluation of the model. Results show that the CIT airshed model can follow the diurnal variations of reactive species and the transport for relatively unreactive species. The normalized gross error for ozone was 31 % in June compared to 38% in August. However, to fully judge model performance in proper perspective, a question arises: “How well do the measurements reflect the air quality surrounding the monitoring station, not just in that location?” This is an important but seldom quantitatively considered factor, not only in model evaluation but in the study of health effects as well. Analyses indicate that individual concentration measurements only approximately represent the true volume-averaged concentrations within a computational grid cell and that significant spatial variations exist. Thus any evaluation of models using these data sets should take these local variations into consideration. A series of tests found that the local inhomogeneities had a normalized gross error in the range of 25–45% depending on the pollutant. In this context, the performance of the CIT model is consistent with known modeling limitations such as emissions inventories and sub-grid scale variation of observations. 相似文献
995.
996.
997.
研究高效还原技术是去除废水中Cr(VI)的有效手段,本研究提出了一种新颖有前景的基于紫外(UV)活化甲酸(HCOOH)产还原性二氧化碳阴离子自由基(CO2•;-)去除Cr(VI)的方法.通过对比UV、HCOOH、UV/HCOOH三种体系对Cr(VI)还原效率和电子自旋共振(EPR)对体系中自由基的检测研究了其活化原理和还原机制.结果表明UV能显著活化HCOOH产生CO2•-(αH=19.08G,αN=15.86G,g=2.0036).此外,试验考察了主要影响因素对Cr(VI)去除效果的影响,包括初始Cr(VI)浓度、甲酸投加量、初始pH值、反应温度、有机污染物以及水中常见阴离子.结果显示当甲酸浓度为40mmol/L,Cr(VI)初始浓度为10mg/L,反应时间在60min内,UV/HCOOH体系对Cr(VI)的去除率能达到100%.在酸性条件下(pH≤3.5)能显著促进Cr(VI)的还原,且Cr(VI)去除效率随着初始HCOOH浓度和反应温度升高而增加.进一步研究表明,该体系下NO3-对Cr(VI)的还原有着显著的促进作用,而Cl-、HCO3-和对硝基苯酚(pNP)则有抑制作用.不同温度下Cr(VI)去除率与时间关系的拟合结果表明,当反应时间t³;40min,UV/HCOOH体系去除Cr(VI)过程遵循准一级反应动力学,根据不同温度下对应的反应速率常数k,结合阿伦尼乌斯方程,计算求得准一级反应的活化能为15.9kJ/mol. 相似文献
998.
通过血清瓶批式实验,研究了不同C/N下葡萄糖和乙酸钠对厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统(SAD)污泥活性及脱氮性能的影响.耦合系统颗粒污泥为在亚硝态氮充足的UASB连续流反应器中培养得到,具有较高的厌氧氨氧化活性和反硝化活性.以葡萄糖为碳源,C/N分别为1,2,4时,厌氧氨氧化活性差异不大,反硝化活性逐渐增加,亚硝态氮最大降解速率分别为0.265,0.345,0.453kgN/(kgVSS·d);以乙酸钠为碳源,C/N分别为1、2、4时,厌氧氨氧化活性和反硝化活性都无明显差别.相同C/N下,耦合系统以葡萄糖为碳源时的厌氧氨氧化活性较高,以乙酸钠为碳源时的反硝化活性较高.C/N分别为1,2,4时,以葡萄糖为有机物的氨氮最大降解速率分别为乙酸钠的1.15,1.19,1.58倍,以乙酸钠为有机物时反应的亚硝态氮最大降解速率分别为葡萄糖的1.89,1.48,1.15倍.实验的数学模拟结果表明,通过模型的模拟,能较为准确地预测实验过程中氮素的变化趋势,在C/N为1~4时耦合系统中颗粒污泥的厌氧氨氧化活性无较大变化. 相似文献
999.
了解陇中地区干湿状况,对进一步研究植被与气候变化和农业水资源管理有重要意义。基于陇中地区1961—2015年的地面气候资料日值数据集,应用彭曼蒙特斯模型(P-M模型)、滑动t检验、Morlet小波、主成分分析和薄盘样条插值等方法,对陇中地区近55 a潜在蒸散量(ET_0)和干旱指数(AI,aridity index)的变化趋势进行了研究。结果表明:年际分布上ET_0以上升趋势为主,AI整体上升趋势不显著,表明陇中地区近55 a气候趋于干旱;年内分布上ET_0呈单峰型分布,AI则呈谷状分布;空间分布上陇中地区ET_0和AI都呈有规律的从南向北依次增加的趋势,越往北气候越干;ET_0在1975年、1983年和1997年发生了突变,AI则在1983年、1986年和2012年发生突变,ET_0和AI的序列周期不尽相同。近55 a陇中地区气候趋于干旱。 相似文献
1000.
中国钢铁行业大气环境影响 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
本研究基于2015年在线监测等数据,分析中国钢铁行业主要工序(烧结和球团)排口烟气浓度情况,自下而上建立了2015年中国高时空分辨率钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单(HSEC, 2015),使用CAMx模型,定量模拟钢铁行业排放对区域大气污染物浓度贡献.结果表明, 2015年中国钢铁行业共排放SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PCDD/Fs、VOCs、CO、BC、OC、EC和F分别为37.48万t、 72.05万t、 33.48万t、 15.03万t、 1.91 kg、 84.29万t、 3 478.85万t、 0.64万t、 0.83万t、 0.08万t和0.77万t.从区域角度:上海和天津钢铁行业单位面积污染排放强度最大,对区域大气污染贡献比例较高.从工序角度:2015年烧结和球团烟气排口月平均浓度降低.从污染物角度:2015年钢铁行业排放NO_x对区域污染物浓度贡献最大,NO_x具有较大的减排潜力. 相似文献