灰色马尔柯夫模型在地表水体DO浓度预测中的应用

灰色马尔柯夫模型是一种随机预测模型，被广泛的应用于社会，经济的预测中，本文利用灰色马尔柯夫模型对某平原河段DO浓度进行了预测。经验证，灰色马尔柯夫模型适用于对地表水体DO浓度预测，并具有相当高的精度，在此基础上，作者提出了改进的建议，使模型更具有实用性和可操作性。     

防洪工程与海河平原水资源短缺

海河平原水资源短缺日益严重,其成因和缓解对策是当前紧迫的研究课题。防洪工程对海河平原水资源影响的研究,有助于从源头上解决水资源短缺。通过分析海河流域旱涝成因和防洪工程体系,探讨了防洪工程体系对平原水资源储备的破坏,指出防洪工程大幅度减少平原水资源的供给,提出基于防洪工程改造和水资源储备恢复的缓解水资源短缺对策。文章提出防洪工程引起海河平原水资源减少和通过恢复、重建湖泊和沼泽等湿地来增加海河平原水资源的新观点,对于全面审视海河流域防洪工程的作用、综合分析海河平原水资源短缺的成因和正确采取缓解水资源短缺的对策具有一定的启迪作用。     

High concentrations and dry deposition of reactive nitrogen species at two sites in the North China Plain

Atmospheric concentrations of major reactive nitrogen (N_r) species were quantified using passive samplers, denuders, and particulate samplers at Dongbeiwang and Quzhou, North China Plain (NCP) in a two-year study. Average concentrations of NH₃, NO₂, HNO₃, pNH₄⁺ and pNO₃⁻ were 12.0, 12.9, 0.6, 10.3, and 4.7 μg N m⁻³ across the two sites, showing different seasonal patterns of these N_r species. For example, the highest NH₃ concentration occurred in summer while NO₂ concentrations were greater in winter, both of which reflected impacts of N fertilization (summer) and coal-fueled home heating (winter). Based on measured N_r concentrations and their deposition velocities taken from the literature, annual N dry deposition was up to 55 kg N ha⁻¹. Such high concentrations and deposition rates of N_r species in the NCP indicate very serious air pollution from anthropogenic sources and significant atmospheric N input to crops.     

Study on the Balance of Agricultural Water and Land Resources on Ningxia Plain

Abstract

The article puts forward the process and means of regional water and land balance research, and then from two scenarios which are the balances under natural regulation and human intervention, calculated and analysed the balance between water and land on Ningxia Plain. For the balance under natural regulation named farmland water balance, using farmland water resource balance equation, the research estimated the monthly farmland water balance of 8 major crops for all of the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain in the period of 1960–2001; for the balance under human intervention, the research estimated land-use water balance equation of the counties in 2000, and calculated the balance between land use and water resources including irrigating water of all the 12 counties on Ningxia Plain. Results showed that ①precipitation can not meet the water demand of the crops for growth and development on Ningxia Plain, and water shortage is the primary character of farmland water balance under natural regulation, ②the diversity of water and land balance of different counties is distinctly influenced by the crop structure, water quantity for irrigation and irrigation level. ③Irrigation water could meet the crop water demand on Ningxia Plain in 2000, but there was not much space to expand irrigating cultivated land.     

成都平原西部土壤汞异常来源研究

四川唐昌地区是成都平原上典型的土壤汞含量高异常区。为研究汞异常来源，在该地区开展了多剖面地气测量，工作区面积约4 km2，布置了5条测量剖面，共121个测点，点距30 m。利用地气采样器积累式收集地气样品，采样时间为45 d，通过中子活化分析技术测试了地气样品中10余种元素。地气中As、Au、Fe、La、Sm等多个元素出现规律性异常分布，反映出该地区隐伏断裂的具体位置，断裂走向为NE 40°，宽度90～120 m。用ICP MS分析断裂上方收集的地气样品，发现含有微量的汞。成都平原西部汞异常区的分布趋势与隐伏断裂走向一致，且位置重合；而来自地下深部的汞能够随地气迁移至地表；隐伏断裂为地气迁移提供了有利通道，成为地表土壤汞异常的重要来源。成都平原西部汞异常是地球自身作用造成的.     

Spatial and seasonal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Haihe Plain, China

A dynamic fugacity model was developed to simulate the spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs in Haihe Plain, China. The calculated and measured concentrations exhibited good consistency in magnitude with deviations within a factor of 4 in air and 2 in soil. The spatial distributions of PAHs in air were mainly controlled by emission while the seasonal variations were dominated by emission and gas-particle partition. In soil, the spatial distributions of PAHs were controlled by the soil organic carbon content while the seasonal variations were insignificant. The severest soil contamination was observed in Shanxi and followed by the southwest of Hebei province. Transfer fluxes of total PAHs between air and soil were calculated. The spatial distribution of air-to-soil flux was closely related to the landcover while the soil-to-air flux changed with soil organic matter content. Monte Carlo simulation was done to evaluate the uncertainty of the estimated results in air.     

江汉平原农地保护的外部效益研究

农地保护外部效益的货币化计量可为缓解我国农地流失形势，制定及实施农地生态保护政策，探寻农地保护和经济发展的均衡点提供理论及决策依据。运用条件价值评估法估算江汉平原农地保护的外部效益，研究表明：①随着农地保护意识的增强，受访居民已意识到农地外部效益的存在，8550%的受访居民对农地有正的支付意愿；受访居民的性别、年龄、家庭人口(老年人口、参加工作人口)、经济状况(土地面积、月生活开支、职业)等特征对支付意愿有显著影响。②江汉平原农地保护的年均总支付意愿达2805×108元，折合单位农地的保护效益为48 658元/hm2；区内现有农地目前无法通过市场价格表现的外部效益约1 24682×108元，具有无法忽略的重要地位。     

江汉平原高砷地下水系统沉积柱中砷分布研究

研究在江汉平原中部的仙桃市沙湖镇沙湖农场南洪村、洪湖市黄家口镇姚河村钻凿3个深度约为30 m的钻孔,采集不同深度代表性岩土样(单孔内取样间距为2 m),采用用银盐法测定沉积物样品中砷含量。研究结果表明,该研究区域沉积物中砷含量范围为1.500～17.289mg/kg,与典型的现代松散型沉积物中砷含量相当(5¹0 mg/kg);砷含量最大值均出现在泥土层,最小值均出现在沙层,表明沉积物样品中砷含量与岩性有密切关系。     

三江平原湿地保护面临的问题及可持续发展战略研究

湿地是地球上最重要的生态系统类型之一,湿地保护工作的重要性已受到社会各界的高度重视.三江平原作为中国面积最大的淡水沼泽湿地分布区,其湿地保护工作尤为重要.目前,三江湿地的保护工作面临持续破坏、永续保护与经济发展之间矛盾突出及保护工作与时俱进有待提高等方面的问题.需继续坚持湿地保护与恢复重建,并在立法保护湿地、湿地生态补偿和加强湿地保护队伍建设等方面开展工作,实现湿地资源利用的可持续发展.     

华北平原潮土酸度特征与酸化敏感性的初步探讨

采集华北平原潮土样品对其酸度特征和酸化敏感性进行了初步探讨.结果显示,过量施用氮肥导致的硝酸盐积累是华北平原潮土pH值下降的重要原因,硝酸根与土壤pH值呈显著负相关.碳酸钙溶解是当前潮土缓冲酸化的主要过程,决定着潮土对外界酸输入的响应方式和敏感程度.随着酸输入量的增加,低碳酸钙土壤的pH值迅速下降,但高碳酸钙的石灰性潮...