秸秆掩埋还田对黄淮海平原耕层土壤温度及作物生长的影响

通过大田试验,研究了作物秸秆行间掩埋配施不同类型氮肥（矿质化肥和鸡粪）下耕层土壤温度的变化及对作物生长的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田初期配施氮肥对秸秆有激发效应,能提高耕层的土壤温度,提高幅度受大气温度、降水的影响。秸秆行间掩埋配施质量分数为16%总氮的鸡粪和24%总氮的化学氮肥耕层土壤的增温效果明显,土壤温度分别上升0.7和0.8℃。秸秆行间掩埋还田对作物生长的影响因作物类型和生育期而异,从不同生育期来看,作物前期的生长受秸秆行间掩埋还田的影响最大。从作物类型来看,配施质量分数为8%、16%、24%总氮的鸡粪,拔节期冬小麦的生物量低于对照38.7%、29.4%和27.9%,3个处理分别与对照差异显著（P〈0.05）,玉米没有差异。秸秆行间掩埋配施质量分数为8%、16%、24%总氮的矿质氮肥,拔节期冬小麦的生物量低于对照25.7%、30.9%和14.1%,配施低、中量化学氮肥与对照差异显著（P〈0.05）;各处理玉米生物量高于对照0.9%、50.8%和19.8%,配施中量化学氮肥与对照有明显差异（P〈0.05）。     

三江平原湿地典型植物群落氮的积累与分配

采用野外采样和室内分析结合的方法,研究了三江平原湿地典型植物群落氮的积累与分配特征。结果表明,小叶章（Calamagrostics angustifolia）、乌拉苔草（Carex meyeriana）和毛苔草（Carex lasiocarpa）群落地上器官氮含量不存在显著差异,根的氮含量存在显著差异,枯落物的氮含量表现为乌拉苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落（p〈0.01）。小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛苔草群落不同部分的氮积累量和积累速率（VN）季节变化明显,三者地上器官、枯落物的氮积累量和VN表现为乌拉苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落;三者根的氮积累量表现为小叶章群落〉毛苔草群落〉乌拉苔草群落,VN表现为毛苔草群落〉小叶章群落〉乌拉苔草群落。小叶章、乌拉苔草和毛苔草群落不同部分的氮分配比在各时期差异明显,根是重要的氮储库,其分配比高达（87.76±2.55）%、（79.84±7.53）%和（89.25±5.49）%;地上部分的氮分配比均以叶最高,茎较低;地上与地下的氮分配比呈相反变化规律,反映了其在氮供给方面的密切联系。     

垦殖方式对小叶章湿地表土团聚体有机碳分布的影响

研究了2种垦殖方式对三江平原小叶章湿地表土团聚体及其有机碳分布的影响.结果表明,垦殖后,粒径>0.25mm的大团聚体呈降低趋势,大豆田中0.053~0.25mm微团聚体增加;水稻田中主要增加的是1mm及0.053~0.25mm团聚体有机碳含量降幅均呈现大豆田大于水稻田,水稻田>大豆田,小叶章湿地>大豆田>水稻田.水稻田比大豆田土壤有机碳储量稍高,但其微团聚体有机碳储量及其占土壤有机碳储量的比例低于大豆田,开垦为大豆田比开垦为水稻田有利于土壤有机碳长期存留.     

华北平原1981～2001年作物蒸散量的时空分异特征

利用土壤-植被-大气传输机理模型(VIP模型),以GIS背景数据库(土地利用图、土壤质地图和数字高程图)为支撑,在NOAA-AVHRRNDVI数据和气象信息的驱动下,连续模拟了1981～2001年华北平原冬小麦和夏玉米生育期的蒸散过程。结果表明:模拟的作物蒸散量与Lysimeter观测值和其他学者的田间试验研究结果具有较好的一致性。华北平原冬小麦多年平均蒸散量空间上呈现南高北低的趋势,其中黄河以北地区和山东半岛的蒸散量在200～400mm之间,南部地区在400～466mm之间。对玉米而言,北部的海河低地平原以及津、冀、鲁的沿海地区多年平均蒸散量变化在230～380mm,其余大部分地区蒸散量在380～470mm。除本区最南端的极少部分地区外,华北平原大部分地区冬小麦生育期内的自然降水都小于蒸散量,水分亏缺量大于200mm,而夏玉米生育期内大部分地区的降水大于蒸散量。     

典型平原河网区水体富营养化特征、成因分析及控制对策研究

本文以嘉兴市北部湖荡区为典型研究区域,通过现场调研、来源分析等,揭示了平原河网区水体富营养化状态,明确了水污染主要成因,并提出控制对策.研究结果显示,北部湖荡区总磷、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、化学需氧量、总氮、氨氮等各污染物含量呈现显著的时空分布特征,西部片区水质较东部片区差,5月水质较9月差(总磷除外);富营养化...     

DETECTING BASE FLOW IMPACTS IN COASTAL PLAIN STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: An established trend analysis methodology was applied to the problem of identifying and quantifying stream base flow impacts from water withdrawals and water loss through interbasin transfers. Impacts were simulated using base flow values selected from two U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) continuous record streamflow sites located within the Pinelands of southern New Jersey. Study site base flows were regressed against index site base flows with monotonic and step trend tests applied to the residuals from the regression model. The smallest, significantly detectable (α= 0.10) percentage reduction within a given simulation was used as an estimate of the sensitivity of a trend test. Evaluation of the trend analysis methodology led to the following practical considerations regarding trend test sensitivity. The proportion of study site base flow variability explained by index site base flows should be maximized, while at the same time minimizing positive, first-order autocorrelation in the regression residuals. Given the importance of detecting autocorrelation, missing values should be avoided or minimized. The quarterly (three-month) interval reduced the magnitude of autocorrelation relative to a shorter two-month sampling interval. Sensitivity appeared to improve when equalizing the number of values before and after a base flow impact(s) while seasonally biased sampling appeared to reduce sensitivity. Based primarily on past trend detection studies, nonparametric tests were deemed a better choice over their parametric counterparts, due to the lack of stringent data distributional requirements coupled with little or no loss of power even when applied to normally distributed data.     

华北高产农田长期不同耕作方式下土壤呼吸及其季节变化规律

对华北平原高产农田生态系统2004年的土壤呼吸状况进行了分析,探讨了不同耕作方式下土壤呼吸量的季节变化规律.结果表明,土壤呼吸量的季节变化趋势与当地气候状况紧密相关,在暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候的影响下,该地春季干旱,夏季雨热同期,土壤呼吸量春季缓慢升高,峰值出现在温度、降水均较高的7月,最大值约为20 g·m-2·d-1(以CO2计),之后逐步回落.不同的耕作措施能够影响土壤呼吸量,本试验研究的3种因素对土壤呼吸量有显著影响(p＜0.01),播种前先翻耕30 cm、播种后覆盖麦秸、不施氮素、施磷75 kg·hm-2·a-1的处理土壤呼吸量最高.5 cm、10 cm地温是影响土壤呼吸的重要因素,土壤呼吸对5 cm地温的敏感性更强,指数方程的模拟较好地表明了土壤呼吸与地温的关系.     

基于模糊综合分析法的引调水工程水质响应关系分析

为提升引调水工程的环境改善效果,须对水体的自身连通水平、水质现状、水环境主要影响因子进行分析。以太湖流域跃进联圩为研究对象,利用图论连通度理论对研究区域静态基流连通性进行评价,探索圩内水系连通性的空间差异及变化特性。同时,开展短期引调水实验,结合模糊综合分析法评价引调水带来的圩内水质变化情况及规律,研究圩内水环境和水系连通性的响应关系。结果表明,模糊综合评价法在引调水环境改善分析中具有适用性,可实现对圩内各监测点位水质变化的全面分析;水体流动性是影响圩区内水质的重要环境因素,高锰酸盐指数是导致圩内水质恶化的主要影响因子。引调水工程对圩区水环境具有一定的持续改善性作用,但对基流连通性较差的区域,改善效果有限。     

近年来三江平原生态环境变化研究

文章以县（市）为研究单元,基于2004年和2010年的遥感监测数据和调查数据,运用生态综合指数法,从生态环境状况、土地利用／覆被、生物丰度、植被覆盖、水网密度、环境质量6方面分析三江平原生态环境的变化并探究驱动力。结果显示：（1）三江平原各县（市）生态环境指数变化量为-0．50～2．48,属于无明显变化和略有变化两个级别,其中友谊县生态环境略微变好,其余县（市）生态环境状况无明显变化。（2）三江平原林地、草地、沼泽地面积仍在减少,旱地改水田现象增加,水田面积大幅度增加。土地覆被类型变化的差异使得各县（市）生态环境走向存在差异。（3）水资源量增加是三江平原生态环境状况趋好的主要原因。（4）COD年排放量的变化决定三江平原各县（市）环境污染负荷的增减。     

Light absorption properties and potential sources of brown carbon in Fenwei Plain during winter 2018–2019

A distinctive kind of organic carbon aerosol that could absorb ultraviolet-visible radiation is called brown carbon (BrC), which has an important positive influence on radiative budget and climate change. In this work, we reported the absorption properties and potential source of BrC based on a seven-wavelength aethalometer in the winter of 2018–2019 at an urban site of Sanmenxia in Fenwei Plain in central China. Specifically, the mean value of BrC absorption coefficient was 59.6 ± 36.0 Mm^?1 at 370 nm and contributed 37.7% to total absorption, which made a significant impact on visibility and regional environment. Absorption coefficients of BrC showed double-peak pattern, and BrC had shown small fluctuations under haze days compared with clean days. As for the sources of BrC, BrC absorption coefficients expressed strong correlations with element carbon aerosols and primary organic carbon aerosols, indicating that most of BrC originated from primary emissions. The linear correlations between trace metal elements (K, As, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Pb) and BrC absorption coefficients further referred that the major sources of BrC were primary emissions, like coal burning, biomass burning, and vehicle emissions. The moderate relationship between BrC absorption coefficients and secondary organic aerosols suggested that secondary production of BrC also played an important role. The 120 hr backward air mass trajectories analysis and concentration-weighted trajectories analysis were also used to investigate potential sources of BrC in and around this area, which inferred most parts of BrC were derived from local emissions.