调水调沙对黄河口颗粒态金属分布的影响

于2009年6~7月黄河调水调沙前、中、后期对黄河口水体悬浮颗粒物进行采样调查,采用ICP-AES测定Al、Fe、Mn、Cr、Cu、Ni、V、Zn的含量,探讨调水调沙对颗粒态重金属分布的影响,初步分析了调水调沙前、中、后期黄河口颗粒态重金属的污染状况.结果表明,调水调沙期间颗粒态重金属的浓度升高,河口区颗粒态重金属的浓度随盐度的升高而降低.以Al为校正因子归一化消除颗粒粒径影响后,重金属的分布差异变小,表明粒径是影响重金属浓度变化的重要因素.富集因子计算结果显示,黄河口Cu、Zn相对富集,且调水调沙后其污染程度加重.在影响颗粒态重金属组成的因素中,颗粒物来源占主导地位,同时受人为活动的影响.     

互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH4排放的影响

为了探讨互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH₄排放的影响以及入侵至不同潮位对CH₄排放影响程度的差异及其可能机制,采用邻近互花米草与土著植物群落相配对的试验设计,在长江口东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江河口湿地的植物生物量,显著增加了土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、总氮含量、微生物碳和氮含量.高潮滩互花米草群落年均CH₄排放强度为（0.68±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著高于芦苇群落（0.21±0.01）mg/（m²·h）,低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均CH₄排放速率分别为（8.31±0.50）和（3.93±0.18）mg/（m²·h）,前者显著高于后者.此外,高潮滩互花米草与芦苇群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异为（0.47±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著低于低潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异（4.37±0.48）mg/（m²·h）.上述结果表明,互花米草入侵通过改善CH₄产生所需底物的质和量,增加土壤含水量和微生物的量,从而显著增加了长江河口湿地CH₄排放量.互花米草入侵至低潮滩增加的CH₄排放量是互花米草入侵至高潮滩的10倍左右,表明互花米草入侵至长江河口湿地对CH₄排放的影响程度可能会有很强的空间异质性,互花米草入侵至更厌氧的土壤环境可能会对CH₄排放的影响程度更大.本研究可为准确估算互花米草入侵对中国海岸带湿地CH₄排放的影响程度,科学管理和合理利用海岸带湿地资源以及应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和科技支撑.     

三峡库区支流河口沉积物重金属分布特征及风险评价

为了解三峡库区一级支流河口沉积物污染物分布特征,在重庆忠县汝溪河和长江交界处采集了河口、中游以及左右两个断面春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节的沉积物,采用ICP-MS测定了沉积物中Cr、Zn、Mn、Ni、Cu、As、Cd和Pb等8种重金属元素的含量,运用地累积指数法、单因子重金属潜在生态风险指数法和沉积物质量基准法对研究区的重金属含量进行污染和生态风险评价.结果表明,Cr、Zn、Mn、Ni、Cu、As、Cd和Pb等8种重金属平均含量分别为:45.24、46.46、406.1、20.885、12.49、7.02、0.253和11.042 mg·kg~(-1),8种重金属含量均表现为河口处高于中游及左右两个断面,季节分布显示春季沉积物中重金属含量高于夏、秋、冬季,相关性分析表明8种重金属具有一定的同源特征,存在共同的外源输入,地累积指数法评价结果显示支流汝溪河河口属于Cd的轻度污染,单因子重金属潜在生态风险指数法显示Cd属于中等生态风险等级,沉积物质量基准表明该支流在与干流交界处Ni可能对底栖生物产生毒性效应.整体而言,该支流河口处于低生态危害等级,未受到严重的重金属污染.     

氮、硫输入对河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化的实验研究

通过室内培养实验,研究了氮、硫输入对闽江河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化和土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:NH_4Cl(N1)、NH_4NO_3(N3)、K_2SO_4(S)和NH_4Cl+K_2SO_4(NS1)处理显著促进了湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率(p0.05),较对照分别提高了76.57%、60.09%、83.20%和52.59%,并且不同处理下土壤有机碳矿化速率均表现为随培养时间的增加而递减.氮、硫输入在不同时间对湿地土壤有机碳矿化的影响不尽一致,在前6 d各处理的促进作用最明显.湿地土壤有机碳累积矿化量在不同处理下均表现为随培养时间逐渐增加,其增长速率在培养初始阶段较快,而后逐渐减慢;不同培养时间有机碳累积矿化量在N1、N3、S和NS1处理下与对照处理间均存在显著差异(p0.05).短期培养结束后,N3、NS1处理显著增加了湿地土壤DOC含量(p0.05);N1、N3、NS1和NH_4NO_3+K_2SO_4(NS3)处理均显著增加了土壤NH_4~+-N含量(p0.05);KNO_3(N2)、N3、NS2和NS3处理均显著增加了土壤NO_3~--N含量(p0.05);S、NS1、NS2和NS3处理均显著增加了土壤SO_4~(2-)含量(p0.05).不同处理下湿地土壤Cl-、pH、EC具有微弱的波动变化特征,但在不同处理组间均不存在显著差异(p0.05).多元回归分析显示,DOC、NH_4~+-N和SO_4~(2-)是氮、硫输入处理下影响闽江河口湿地土壤有机碳矿化速率的主要控制因素.     

Depositional history of sedimentary linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) in a large South American industrial coastal area (Santos Estuary, Southeastern Brazil)

This paper reports the reconstruction of the contamination history of a large South American industrial coastal area (Santos Estuary, Brazil) using linear alkylbenzenes (LABs). Three sediment cores were dated by ¹³⁷Cs. Concentrations in surficial layers were comparable to the midrange concentrations reported for coastal sediments worldwide. LAB concentrations increased towards the surface, indicating increased waste discharges into the estuary in recent decades. The highest concentration values occurred in the early 1970s, a time of intense industrial activity and marked population growth. The decreased LAB concentration, in the late 1970s was assumed to be the result of the world oil crisis. Treatment of industrial effluents, which began in 1984, was represented by decreased LAB levels. Microbial degradation of LABs may be more intense in the industrial area sediments. The results show that industrial and domestic waste discharges are a historical problem in the area.     

Environmental quality of mussel farms in the Vigo estuary: pollution by PAHs, origin and effects on reproduction

This work analyzes the influence of environmental and physiological parameters on PAHs accumulation in cultured mussels. Lipid content and reproductive stage are directly related with PAHs accumulation pattern. We observed a rapid accumulation and depuration of PAHs, mainly during periods of nutrients accumulation, spawns and gonadic restorations. Correlations between PAHs accumulation and physiological status indicate when mussels are more susceptible to adverse effects of these pollutants. A positive correlation between mutagenic congener’s accumulation and occurrence of gonadic neoplastic disorders is shown for the first time in mussels. Molecular indices were used to identify the origin of hydrocarbons accumulated by Mytilus, showing a chronic pyrolytic pollution and pollutant episodes by petrogenic sources and biomass combustion in the studied area. Multivariate analysis suggests the possibility of including physiological parameters of sentinel organisms in environmental biomonitoring programs, mainly in aquaculture areas, taking into account their two aspects: farms productivity and human food safety.     

Effect of metal accumulation on metallothionein level and condition of the periwinkle Littorina littorea along the Scheldt estuary (the Netherlands)

Metal (i.e. Ag, As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn) and metallothionein (MT) concentrations in the soft tissue of Littorina littorea were measured along the heavily polluted Western Scheldt (WS) and relatively clean Eastern Scheldt (ES) estuary. Along the WS metal and MT levels in periwinkles reflected the known downstream decreasing pollution gradient. Surprisingly in ES animals As, Mn and Zn concentrations decreased from east to west reflecting past pollution. Compared to the WS metal concentrations of ES periwinkles were significantly lower and both estuaries were maximally discriminated from each other based on their Cd soft tissue concentration using a canonical discriminant analysis. Furthermore, no overall difference was found in MT levels among animals from both estuaries. Using previously obtained condition data (i.e. dry/wet weight ratio and lipid content) the relation between soft tissue metal concentration (i.e. Cd, Cu and Zn) and fitness indicators (i.e. MT and condition data) was examined using a canonical correlation analysis. Periwinkles with a high metal load (i.e. Cd and Zn) also had high MT levels but were in a relatively poor condition.     

基于实测资料的长江河口南支河段盐水入侵规律分析

为对长江口南支河段盐水入侵规律有清晰的认识，在梳理、总结以往研究成果的基础上，通过对历年咸潮及氯度实测资料的分析，对长江口南支河段盐水入侵的规律进行了较为全面系统的分析研究。研究表明：北支盐水倒灌是长江口南支河段盐水入侵的主要来源；在研究水域，枯季大潮期氯度的沿程分布表现为两头高、中间低的“马鞍形”形式，枯季中潮期则为“高 低 高 低 高”的复杂的“W”形的分布形式；受外海潮汐和上游径流的综合作用，由大潮到中潮，倒灌盐水团在下移过程中，氯度的沿程分布形式发生了变异；近期盐水入侵的程度有加剧的趋势；研究水域2～3月盐水入侵最严重，在这段时间内盐水入侵超标次数多、历时长；当大通流量小于20 000 m3/s时，就可能发生明显的北支盐水倒灌南支现象；盐水入侵程度跟大通流量和潮汐强度密切相关；大通流量越大，盐水入侵程度越低；潮差越大，盐水入侵程度越高     

海莲红树林土壤CH4动态研究

对海南东寨港河港河口海莲红树林土壤CH4动态进行研究。CH4通量季节变化规律为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,所有季节所有滩面其平均值为1.21 mg/(m2d)。不同季节CH4产生量平均值的大小顺序也为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,所有季节所有滩面其平均值为8.28 mg/(m2d);土壤理化因子对河港海莲林土壤CH4产生率的重要性依次为全氮>NaCl>Na >Cl->SO42->含水量>总含盐量>有机质。暖季CH4氧化量高于冷季,平均值为7.06 mg/(m2d)。在所有季节所有滩面上,河港海莲林土壤CH4传输率的平均值为28.21%。     

长江口区域饮用水源地有机污染特性研究

以南通市为例,对长江口区域饮用水源地53种挥发性有机物( VOCs)、64种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)、33种农药、20种多氯联苯等有机污染物进行定性、定量检测,选取汇龙镇水厂、如皋水厂、海门长江水厂3个水厂水源地进行r枯水期、平水期、丰水期3个水期的监测.结果表明:(1)VOCs中仅在枯水期有四氯化碳检出,33种农...