广东2010年5月一周两次暴雨过程的对比分析

2010年5月中旬,广东省在一周之内连续遭受了两次区域性暴雨过程,其频次之高、雨量之多、强度之大为历史同期所少有。对这两次暴雨过程从水汽输送、动力结构、大气稳定度和雷达特征等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明:两次暴雨过程的环流形势及影响系统不同,水汽输送和辐合强弱与暴雨范围有密切关系,降水强度不但受大气不稳定度影响,动力触发更可能是引发强降水的关键因素;产生暴雨的飑线通过吸收合并其移动前方和沿近地层辐合带新生单体得以维持和发展,飑线上的HP型超级单体是产生降水峰值的主要载体。     

桂林地区短时暴雨自动监测预警系统研究

通过制作混合扫描面,调整Z-I关系和自动站雨量校准等方法对多普勒天气雷达估测降水进行了优化,使雷达估测降水误差明显减小。运用交叉相关法、降水算法对雷达反射率因子进行计算,得到了未来1～2 h的定量预测降水。按照暴雨预警信号标准,将估测降水与预测降水累加,可及时获得暴雨预警信号信息,自动生成暴雨预警信号等级分布图,对达到预警信号标准的站点及时通过手机发布暴雨预警信号提示信息。结合多层次地理信息系统,形成了集自动站资料查询、雷达降水监测、临近预测、暴雨预警功能为一体的桂林雷达定量降水监测预警平台,为有效监测预警暴雨引发的山体滑坡、洪涝等气象灾害提供了客观定量依据。     

低空急流暴雨天气概念模型及其雷达回波特征分析

对2002-2010年广西12个急流暴雨个例进行的分析研究表明,广西急流暴雨是在大尺度背景下,由天气系统和中小尺度系统共同影响的结果,当有低空急流存在的情况下,降水量有明显的增幅作用;对天气背景的分析表明,低空急流暴雨天气概念模型主要有低涡急流型和深槽切变急流型以及副高加强急流型。雷达回波主要有块状、带状和絮状三种类型;再通过分析低空急流暴雨过程的雷达回波强度、回波演变、其他产品特征、回波的源地移动、暴雨落区等主要内容,形成低空急流暴雨的短时预报模型。     

Water jet guided laser as an alternative to EDM for micro-drilling of fuel injector nozzles: A comparison of machined surfaces

To characterize the inner surface of the fuel injector nozzle holes drilled by EDM and water jet guided laser drilling (Laser Micro-Jet) a specifically conceived scanning probe microscopy technique with true non-contact operating mode was used. A difference in morphology of the drilled surfaces is evident from the acquired surface topography along the hole axis for the two compared drilling techniques. Results showed that the surface texture can be characterized by (i) maximum peak-to-valley distance and (ii) periodicity. Acquired maps confirm that electro-eroded surfaces are an envelope of craters randomly distributed with total excursion up to 1.7 μm with a crater size of 15 μm. While, the efficient melt expulsion and immediate cooling of water jet guided laser generates a peak to valley distance of 800 nm with a periodicity of 18 μm. Average R_q derived from the measured cylindrical surfaces was 450 nm and 150 nm for EDM and Laser Micro-Jet, respectively. Water jet guided laser drilling has proved to be a reliable alternative to EDM from the point of view of repeatability of the results and surface quality to facilitate the atomization of the fuel jet.     

高原山区星载合成孔径雷达数据与多光谱数据的图像融合探究——以贵州省毕节市为例

为了推动雷达数据在贵州高原山区的应用,针对高原山区的气候与地形特点,基于雷达数据的优势,本文对此类高原山区应用星载雷达数据进行初步探讨。利用TM影像4,3,2波段和雷达SAR数据,通过不同融合方法进行融合,应用标准差、信息熵、相关系数等参数对融合效果进行分析。结果表明:几种方法得到的图像都在不同程度上增强了多光谱图像的光谱信息,同时也增加了雷达数据的纹理信息。其中PC变换能够最好地保持TM数据的多光谱特性,对于植被信息最为突出;HSV变换很好地保留了SAR数据的纹理信息,有利于居民点、建筑物等目标的识别;GS变换增加了图像的可识别度,但降低了整体的清晰程度;Brovey变换效果最差,图像失真较大。     

基于风廓线仪等资料的珠江三角洲污染气象条件研究

利用珠江三角洲区域空气质量资料和珠海、南沙、增城的逐30 min风廓仪观测资料,以及清远探空站每天08时和20时的温度探空资料等,研究了2012年10月珠江三角洲出现的大范围持续性污染天气期间的大气边界层特征.结果表明:2012年10月珠江三角洲出现的大范围持续性污染天气主要是受到弱冷空气南下和台风外围下沉气流天气形势的影响;在污染日,增城、南沙和珠海低层风速普遍小于3 m·s-1,300m高度以下风速甚至小于2 m·s-1,增城和珠海观测站的通风量普遍小于5000~6000 m2·s-1;非污染日的通风量则远远大于污染日;在近海的南沙站和珠海站,海陆风等局地环流的的作用不利于污染物的扩散,海风约出现于下午6时,最大影响高度约600~800 m;逆温层是导致重污染的天气的重要原因,清远探空站频繁出现逆温层,甚至出现多层低空逆温,污染日的逆温层平均厚度和平均强度都较大.     

Estimating water content in an active landfill with the aid of GPR

Landfill gas (LFG) receives a great deal of attention due to both negative and positive environmental impacts, global warming and a green energy source, respectively. However, predicting the quantity of LFG generated at a given landfill, whether active or closed is difficult due to the heterogeneities present in waste, and the lack of accurate in situ waste parameters like water content. Accordingly, ground penetrating radar (GPR) was evaluated as a tool for estimating in situ water content. Due to the large degree of subsurface heterogeneity and the electrically conductive clay cap covering landfills, both of which affect the transmission of the electromagnetic pulses, there is much scepticism concerning the use of GPR to quantify in situ water content within a municipal landfill.Two landfills were studied. The first landfill was used to develop the measurement protocols, while the second landfill provided a means of confirming these protocols. GPR measurements were initially completed using the surface GPR approach, but the lack of success led to the use of borehole (BH) GPR. Both zero offset profiling (ZOP) and multiple offset gathers (MOG) modes were tried, with the results indicating that BH GPR using the ZOP mode is the most simple and efficient method to measure in situ water content. The best results were obtained at a separation distance of 2 m, where higher the water content, smaller the effective separation distance. However, an increase in water content did appear to increase the accuracy of the GPR measurements. For the effective separation distance of 2 m at both landfills, the difference between GPR and lab measured water contents were reasonable at 33.9% for the drier landfill and 18.1% for the wetter landfill. Infiltration experiments also showed the potential to measure small increases in water content.     

Ground-Cover Measurements: Assessing Correlation Among Aerial and Ground-Based Methods

Wyoming’s Green Mountain Common Allotment is public land providing livestock forage, wildlife habitat, and unfenced solitude, amid other ecological services. It is also the center of ongoing debate over USDI Bureau of Land Management’s (BLM) adjudication of land uses. Monitoring resource use is a BLM responsibility, but conventional monitoring is inadequate for the vast areas encompassed in this and other public-land units. New monitoring methods are needed that will reduce monitoring costs. An understanding of data-set relationships among old and new methods is also needed. This study compared two conventional methods with two remote sensing methods using images captured from two meters and 100 meters above ground level from a camera stand (a ground, image-based method) and a light airplane (an aerial, image-based method). Image analysis used SamplePoint or VegMeasure software. Aerial methods allowed for increased sampling intensity at low cost relative to the time and travel required by ground methods. Costs to acquire the aerial imagery and measure ground cover on 162 aerial samples representing 9000 ha were less than $3000. The four highest correlations among data sets for bare ground—the ground-cover characteristic yielding the highest correlations (r)—ranged from 0.76 to 0.85 and included ground with ground, ground with aerial, and aerial with aerial data-set associations. We conclude that our aerial surveys are a cost-effective monitoring method, that ground with aerial data-set correlations can be equal to, or greater than those among ground-based data sets, and that bare ground should continue to be investigated and tested for use as a key indicator of rangeland health.     

Electrical performance of laser braze-welded aluminum–copper interconnects

The reported investigation is related to laser beam braze-welding technology for dissimilar aluminum–copper interconnects for Li-ion battery assembly. The correlation between the brittle and high-resistivity intermetallic compounds and the electrical contact resistance showed that a thin intermetallic layer is highly desirable. It was proved that highest shear strength and lowest contact resistance can be achieved within the same parameter set which is of particular interest to battery electrical vehicle applications requiring both high mechanical reliability and electrical performance.A study on the weld seam layout further showed that two parallel weld seams with optimized spacing and overlap design provide lowest contact resistance.     

Global monitoring of wetlands--the value of ENVISAT ASAR Global mode

This paper elaborates on recent advances in the use of ScanSAR technologies for wetland-related research. Applications of active satellite radar systems include the monitoring of inundation dynamics as well as time series analyses of surface soil wetness. For management purposes many wetlands, especially those in dry regions, need to be monitored for short and long-term changes. Another application of these technologies is monitoring the impact of climate change in permafrost transition zones where peatlands form one of the major land cover types. Therefore, examples from boreal and subtropical environments are presented using the analysed ENVISAT ASAR Global mode (GM, 1 km resolution) data acquired in 2005 and 2006. In the case of the ENVISAT ASAR instrument, data availability of the rather coarse Global Mode depends on request priorities of other competing modes, but acquisition frequency may still be on average fortnightly to monthly depending on latitude. Peatland types covering varying permafrost regimes of the West Siberian Lowlands can be distinguished from each other and other land cover by multi-temporal analyses. Up to 75% of oligotrophic bogs can be identified in the seasonal permafrost zone in both years. The high seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of the subtropic Okavango Delta can also be captured by GM time series. Response to increased precipitation in 2006 differs from flood propagation patterns. In addition, relative soil moisture maps may provide a valuable data source in order to account for external hydrological factors of such complex wetland ecosystems.