On the transient flow in the 20-liter explosion sphere

The turbulence level in the 20-l explosion sphere, equipped with the Perforated Dispersion Ring, was measured by means of laser Doppler anemometry. The spatial homogeneity of the turbulence was investigated by performing velocity measurements at various locations in the transient flow field. Directional isotropy was investigated by measuring two independent components of the instantaneous velocity. The transient turbulence level could be correlated by a decay law of the form

in which the exponent, n, assumes a constant value of 1.49±0.02 in the period between 60 and 200 ms after the start of the injection process. In this time interval the turbulence was also observed to be homogeneous and practically isotropic. The results of this investigation imply that the turbulence level in the 20-l explosion sphere at the prescribed ignition delay time of ms is not equal to the turbulence level in the 1 m³-vessel. Hence, these results call into question the widely held belief that the cube-root-law may be used to predict the severity of industrial dust explosions on the basis of dust explosion severities measured in laboratory test vessels.     

Laser tempering based turning process for efficient machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel

Cost-effective machining of hardened steel components such as a large wind turbine bearing has traditionally posed a significant challenge. This paper presents an approach to machine hardened steel parts efficiently at higher material removal rates and lower tooling cost. The approach involves a two-step process consisting of laser tempering of the hardened workpiece surface followed by conventional machining at higher material removal rates with lower cost ceramic tools to efficiently remove the tempered material. The laser scanning parameters that yield the highest depth of tempered layer are obtained from a kinetic phase change model. Machining experiments are performed to demonstrate the possibility of higher material removal rates and improved tool wear behavior compared to the conventional hard turning process. Tool wear performance, cutting forces, and surface finish of Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) tools as well as low cost ceramic tools are compared in machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel (~63 HRC). In addition, cutting forces and surface finish are compared for the laser tempering based turning and conventional hard turning processes. Experimental results show the potential benefits of the laser tempering based turning process over the conventional hard turning process.     

2016年冬季北京地区一次重污染天气过程边界层特征

利用中国气象局地面常规观测资料、微脉冲激光雷达（MINI-MPL）、风廓线雷达资料、生态环境部大气成分等资料,对2016年12月16~21日京津冀多地污染过程的生消特征、与气象条件的关系以及边界层的结构特点进行了分析.结果表明：大气处于静稳状态,低层大气盛行偏南气流,大气湿度持续增加,加之北京三面环山不利于污染物扩散的特殊地形是造成北京此次严重空气污染的重要因素.重污染期间,污染物主要聚集在800m高度以下,严重污染时,污染物高度甚至仅有400m左右.风廓线雷达反演风场显示：2次PM_2.5浓度快速上升阶段低层伴随持续偏南风或偏东风.污染过程期间,逆温结构明显,两次污染快速发展阶段恰好出现在两次逆温最强时段.此次污染天气过程,激光雷达退偏振比总体小于0.25,反映污染主要是人类活动产生气溶胶,前期以一次排放颗粒物为主,后期以二次转化颗粒物为主.退偏振比污染过程前期呈明显日变化特征,且白天退偏比比夜间高.     

2018年3月两会期间北京重污染过程边界层气象的演变分析

为研究北京冬季重污染过程的污染特征及成因,采用边界层风场、温/湿场和气溶胶垂直探测等雷达综合遥测手段,对2018年3月北京两会期间的一次典型重污染过程,从边界层气象要素演变进行综合研究.结果表明:①整个污染过程历时7 d,轻度以上污染时数达118 h（占污染过程总小时数的69.8%）,严重污染时数达16 h（占污染过程总小时数的9.5%）,ρ（PM_2.5）最高达333.5 μg/m3.②从气溶胶的垂直空间演变来看,重污染天气的形成,除受本地源排放积累的影响外,还存在北京南部和东部的外部污染传输.贴地或上部逆温的稳定温度层结基本上对应ρ（PM_2.5）的累积过程,其中,重污染时段逆温维持达68 h,逆温层厚度为500~1 100 m,最大平均逆温强度为0.6℃/（100 m）.大气边界层高度偏低（积累过程白天在1 000 m以下,夜间只有300~500 m）,导致污染物持续积累.整个污染过程中,高湿时段引起PM_2.5吸湿增长和转化加重了污染程度;近地层持续小风导致污染积累;西南、东或东南方向大风层（10 m/s左右）向低空下探,有利于污染的缓解;强西北风或北风作用,使污染得以清除.研究显示,污染过程与边界层气象要素的演变密切相关.      

基于空间监视雷达散射回波的电离层电子密度探测方法

目的提高空间监视雷达的电离层电波环境适应性。方法 VHF-L波段大功率雷达信号经过电离层传播时会发生非相干散射,散射回波中包含电离层信息。结合雷达方程和电离层目标特征,基于电离层非相干散射原理,理论分析空间监视雷达用于电离层电子密度非相干散射探测的条件(包括雷达参数设置和波束扫描方式),给出电离层回波功率、自相关函数和电子密度表达式,利用Matlab编程对某大功率空间监视雷达原始数据处理得到电离层散射回波及电子密度。结果给出了空间监视雷达用于电离层电子密度非相干散射探测的基本条件,实测数据发现电离层回波和电子密度符合电离层变化特征。结论利用VHF-L波段大功率雷达空间散射回波探测电离层电子密度是可行的,为空间监视雷达电离层环境感知与传播自适应修正提供了一种可能的新途径。     

临近空间大气扰动风场的探测与分析

目的深入了解掌握临近空间大气风场的扰动状态,给临近空间飞行器的精确入轨、有效运行提供可靠的环境信息。方法用昆明站(25.6°N,103.8°E)临近空间观测平台中的MF雷达开展临近空间大气风场扰动观测。基于谐波拟合方法得到昆明地区2008年8月至2010年8月期间的周日和半日潮汐分量及背景风场,分析昆明地区临近空间80~100 km之间潮汐波动的变化特征。结果周日潮汐振幅具有明显的年变化和半年变化,最大值均出现在10月份和3月份的86~92 km高度范围内,同时第一年度的潮汐幅度明显强于第二年度,类似准两年变化。纬向半日潮汐的变化特征不是非常明显,而经向半日潮汐在88~94 km之间具有年变化,在其他高度处则出现多个峰值。结论潮汐相位的变化结果表明潮汐的下行传播,潮汐振幅的高度变化符合先增大后减小的特征,呈现胞状结构。     

基于风廓线雷达对成都地区典型持续性重污染天气的研究

基于风廓线雷达数据、大气污染数据及气象数据对2017年12月17日—2018年1月3日成都地区的一次持续性重污染天气过程进行研究,并对两次污染物浓度爆发式增长阶段的污染原因及污染物来源进行了分析.结果表明:①在这次重污染天气过程中,风廓线雷达高精度的风场资料(包括水平风速、风向、垂直风速、大气折射率结构常数C■)配合其他气象要素在分析两个污染阶段污染物的累积及扩散、输送中可以发挥重要的作用,即当成都地区水平风场风速较小且风向多变时,此时受静稳型天气控制,污染物浓度会快速累积增长,而当出现较强的东北风时,可能会有沙尘污染物的输入,应注意沙尘天气的提前预警.垂直风场中垂直速度和大气折射率结构常数C■的变化往往影响着污染物浓度的变化,由于风廓线雷达具有较高的时间分辨率,因此,对污染天气过程的变化有一定的指示意义.②结合局地环流指数和边界层通风量,重新定义了一种适合成都地区风场特征的通风指数:有效通风量(EVI),从而表明第一阶段污染的主要原因是成都地区由静稳型天气控制,边界层内风场对污染物的稀释扩散能力差,导致污染物累积.③通过后向轨迹模拟并结合PM_(2.5)浓度数据进行聚类分析,认为第二阶段污染主要是东北方向携带有大量沙尘污染物的气团输送到成都地区导致的,与源于西北地区沙尘天气的沙尘输送密切相关.     

Fracture Characterization Using Borehole Radar: Numerical Modeling

Forward modeling of borehole radar data for a series of synthetic discrete-fracture network (DFN) models provides a conceptual framework for interpreting experimental field data at fractured rock sites. A finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) radar wave propagation model was developed for this purpose. Synthetic examples demonstrate the utility of single-hole reflection-mode and cross-hole transmission-mode borehole radar for (1) identification of fracture location and orientation, and (2) identification of fracture pore-fluid properties, which might change as a result of tracer tests or flooding exercises in support of resource development or site remediation. A two-dimensional, synthetic DFN was generated statistically based on hypothetical distributions of fracture length, orientation, aperture, permeability, and inter-connectivity. The DFN includes a zone of permeable fractures embedded within a network of lower-permeability fractures and a low-permeability rock matrix. We modeled the unconnected and non-permeable fractures as being filled with freshwater. To simulate tracer experiments, contaminant releases, or engineered-remediation processes, we considered alternately the inter-connected, permeable fractures to be filled with freshwater air, or saline water (tracer). Synthetic radar data sets for both single-hole reflection and cross-hole transmission modes were generated. The features in synthetic radargrams were then examined and compared to the DFN model to evaluate the likelihood of identifying fracture location, orientation, and pore fluid in field situations. This comparison demonstrates that (1) the replacement of freshwater with saline water in permeable fractures generally increases the amplitude of reflections from permeable, connected fractures; and (2) in general, radar reflection-mode data contains more information about fracture properties than transmission-mode data.     

激光雷达相干成像原理及其研究的若干问题

总结了激光雷达相干成像技术研究现状和进展,根据激光相干成像一般原理,针对2种最新激光雷达即距离高分辨多普勒和合成孔径相干成像技术,给出其系统技术框架和成像效果。分析了激光雷达相干成像特点及系统设计所必须解决的技术难点,指出解决问题的方案和注意问题,为我国进一步开展空间、空中和地基平台激光雷达相干成像试验研究和理论仿真奠定预先技术支持。     

基于极化SAR的河流有机物污染监测研究

选择我国南方水质变化梯度较为明显的典型河流为对象,分析基于C波段极化合成孔径雷达(极化SAR)的河流水污染监测评估技术.引入了随机粗糙面电磁散射理论对污染水域的散射特性进行了建模,研究了水体污染可能对散射模型及参数的影响,分析了同步得到的极化SAR数据与水体常用污染指标的监测数据.通过比较19个采样点的后向散射系数与同步监测的水质指标,发现化学需氧量(COD)与HH和VV通道的后向散射系数比成正相关性,这与由电磁理论建立的散射模型及水体污染对散射模型参数影响的分析相符.利用最小二乘法,拟合得到了利用HH与VV通道后向散射系数比来反演化学需氧量的公式,拟合结果的相关系数达到0.90.本研究建立了利用极化SAR的HH与VV通道后向散射系数比监测水体有机物污染的模型,该模型主要通过分析同步监测数据获得,基于电磁散射理论的分析支持了该模型的有效性.