铵饱和天然钙型沸石基质人工湿地对模拟养猪废水的处理效能

针对养猪废水中有机污染物和氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度高、悬浮物含量高的特点,采用循环流人工湿地工艺对其进行处理,研究以天然钙型沸石为基质的人工湿地对模拟养猪废水的处理效能。结果表明:历时22个月的高NH4+-N负荷运行,已使人工湿地中的钙型沸石对NH4+-N的吸附达到饱和。在天然钙型沸石填料铵饱和条件下,湿地系统对模拟养猪废水中NH4+-N的处理效果仍可达61%~76%,对TN的去除率可达66%~80%,对CODCr的去除率一直维持在78%~92%之间。     

北京市城区地表水体叶绿素a与藻密度相关性研究

实验主要研究在实验室培养条件下,对北京市城区地表水体进行分析,发现在叶绿素a浓度>40μg/L时,叶绿素a与藻密度有较好的相关性,R2值均>0.8705。同时,通过对实验数据及现象的分析,得到了水华阈值在叶绿素a浓度40μg/L,以及结合藻类生长曲线和藻密度、叶绿素a的日增长率的变化量得出各个河湖"水华"暴发的暴发点。     

Water quality monitoring in a slightly-polluted inland water body through remote sensing — Case study of the Guanting Reservoir in Beijing, China

This study focused on the water quality of the Guanting Reservoir, a possible auxiliary drinking water source for Beijing. Through a remote sensing (RS) approach and using Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) data, water quality retrieval models were established and analyzed for eight common water quality variables, including algae content, turbidity, and concentrations of chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved phosphorus. The results show that there exists a statistically significant correlation between each water quality variable and remote sensing data in a slightly-polluted inland water body with fairly weak spectral radiation. With an appropriate method of sampling pixel digital numbers and multiple regression algorithms, retrieval of the algae content, turbidity, and nitrate nitrogen concentration was achieved within 10% mean relative error, concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved phosphorus within 20%, and concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus within 30%. On the other hand, no effective retrieval method for chemical oxygen demand was found. These accuracies were acceptable for the practical application of routine monitoring and early warning on water quality safety with the support of precise traditional monitoring. The results show that performing the most traditional routine monitoring of water quality by RS in relatively clean inland water bodies is possible and effective.     

Spatial and temporal variation of below-ground N transfer from a leguminous tree to an associated grass in an agroforestry system

Nitrogen (N) transfer from leguminous trees can be a major N source for the associated crop in low-input agroforestry systems. The aim of this study was to identify the main climatic and soil factors controlling N transfer from the leguminous tree Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp to the associated grass Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.) C.E. Hubb, in a 16-year-old tropical agroforestry system. Nitrogen transfer was estimated using the natural ¹⁵N abundance method. Before tree pruning, total N transfer represented 57% of the N uptake of the grass, including 31% coming from N₂ fixation. The spatial variation induced by the tree was well described by soil organic N content (ON). In this system, ON is an index of soil available N as well as of tree root density. Rainfall (R) and evapotranspiration (ETP) were the main climatic factors controlling N transfer. Multiple regression analysis indicated that R, ETP and ON explained 79% of the temporal and spatial variation of N transfer. Transferred N cannot be estimated after pruning because of the change in the isotopic signature of the soil N source. This was related to N release from root turnover. The results suggest that grass showed a preferential uptake of N coming from the tree, which could be due to a lower energy cost compared to obtaining absorbed N from the clayey soil used in this work.     

太湖叶绿素a浓度时空分异及其定量反演

利用2005年实测叶绿素a浓度数据分析了太湖叶绿素a浓度的时空分布特征,并利用同步光谱数据,分季节对太湖叶绿素a浓度的反演模型进行研究,从而分析叶绿素a的时空变化对反演模型的影响.首先分析1a内叶绿素a浓度随时间的变化规律,然后利用反距离加权插值法绘制叶绿素a浓度不同季节空间分布图,分析叶绿素a浓度在不同季节的空间分布规律,在此基础上分春、夏、秋3个季节和中营养化、轻度富营养化、中度富营养化、重度富营养化4个营养状态进行叶绿素a浓度定量反演模型研究.结果表明,太湖叶绿素a浓度具有明显的时空分布特征.夏季叶绿素a浓度最高,冬季最低,平均浓度分别为56.29μg/L、13.61 μg/L.秋季由于受到夏季高浓度的影响,叶绿素a浓度高于春季,平均值分别为26.43μg/L、34.78μg/L;夏季叶绿素a浓度空间变化最大,冬季全湖叶绿素a浓度含量较为均一,空间变化不明显,秋季空间差异要大于春季;全年北部湖区的空间差异较大,而南部湖区相对较小.不同季节叶绿素a反演算法模型不同,春、秋季波段比值法反演效果较好;而夏季微分法反演效果明显好于其它反演算法,不同营养状态条件下反演算法差异相对较小.     

污水处理厂检测数据统计分析的研究

污水处理厂在管理方面积累了很多宝贵的经验,但还有一些有待提高的地方。尤其是在数据处理方面还没有认识到其重要性,给工艺管理带来了很多不利的因素。从实际运行管理需要出发,结合某污水处理厂实例,利用EXCEL和统计学知识,探讨了检测数据统计分析在污水处理厂中的应用,解决数据处理的问题,提高工艺管理水平,并取得了较好的效果。     

逐步多元线性回归模型解释近年上海市降水pH降低原因

分析2002年-2007年上海市降水化学组成变化特征可得,近年来,上海市降水的pH下降迅速,硫酸根离子与硝酸根离子的比值以及钙铵离子的比值整体上都呈下降趋势。根据上海市降水中的各离子浓度建立了氢离子的逐步多元线性回归模型,并以建立的模型为基础,分析了降水中各主要离子浓度的变化对氢离子浓度的影响大小情况。由模型可以得出,硫酸根离子与硝酸根离子浓度增加时,氢离子浓度也随之增加,铵离子与钙离子浓度增加时。氢离子浓度则随之减小。氢离子变化对4种主要离子的敏感性顺序为：硝酸根〉硫酸根〉钙离子〉铵离子。结合上海市降水化学组成特征分析结果可得,主要离子浓度的变化是导致降水pH快速下降的原因。     

试论正确处理工业企业环境保护中的若干关系

文章通过对节能与减排、有组织排放与无组织排放、过程控制与结果控制、环保投资与环境收益之间关系的阐述,揭示了在我国工业企业环境保护工作中普遍存在的片面强调污染物的减排而忽略减排过程的耗能及新污染物产生的问题;片面强调污染物有组织排放的控制而忽略对无组织排放控制的问题;重视对减排结果的控制而忽视对其过程控制的问题;只看到减排的付出而未能看到其效益的问题。提出正确处理这些问题的关键就是要全面平衡这些看似矛盾但实为互补的关系,在实际操作中避免偏废。     

黑龙江省煤炭城市生态环境问题及其防治对策

根据城市环境和城市生态的理论,对中国煤炭城市的生态环境状况进行了分析研究,指出了煤炭城市所存在的土地资源破坏与污染、水资源短缺、大气污染、环境质量恶化、生态绿化系统简化与缺乏及环保法实施等问题。论述了进行生态规划、污染预防、加强城市绿化及改善法律方面的制度设计和监管机制等是改善中国煤炭城市生态环境的有效调控措施。     

运用神经网络分析电流测定堆肥系统中的对苯二酚

针对生物传感器检测堆肥系统中对苯二酚时存在的检测范围较小和检测精度不高等问题,在分析漆酶生物传感器检测电流信号的基础上,以传感器响应电流为输入变量,以对苯二酚浓度为输出变量,建立了神经网络(ANN)模型,对网络进行了优化,确定了最佳的网络参数(最佳隐含层神经元数为7,最佳输入层神经元数为5,最优的传递函数组合为Tansig-Logsig,最优的算法为Levenberg-Marquardt算法),并将模型预测性能同非线性回归(NR)模型进行了比较.NR的RMSE(均方根误差)为14.441 9 ìmol/L,预测值与实测浓度之间的相关系数为0.994 4;与之相比,ANN的RMSE达到4.444 2ìmol/L,预测值与实测浓度的相关系数为0.9996,预测性能明显优于NR.对苯二酚的检测范围达到0.015～450ìmol/L,在现有水平上进一步扩大了检测范围同时提高了检测精度.