Nitrogen removal efficiencies and microbial communities in full-scale IFAS and MBBR municipal wastewater treatment plants at high COD:N ratio

• Two IFAS and two MBBR full-scale systems (high COD:N ratio 8:1) were characterized. • High specific surface area carriers grew and retained slow-growing nitrifiers. • High TN removal is related to high SRT and low DO concentration in anoxic tanks. The relative locations of AOB, NOB, and DNB were examined for three different kinds of carriers in two types of hybrid biofilm process configurations: integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) and moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes. IFAS water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) used Anodkalness^TM K1 carriers (KC) at Broomfield, Colorado, USA and polypropylene resin carriers (RC) at Fukuoka, Japan, while MBBR WRRFs used KC carriers at South Adams County, Colorado, USA and sponge carriers (SC) at Saga, Japan. Influent COD to N ratios ranged from 8:1 to 15:1. The COD and BOD removal efficiencies were high (96%–98%); NH₄⁺-N and TN removal efficiencies were more varied at 72%–98% and 64%–77%, respectively. The extent of TN removal was higher at high SRT, high COD:N ratio and low DO concentration in the anoxic tank. In IFAS, RC with high specific surface area (SSA) maintained higher AOB population than KC. Sponge carriers with high SSA maintained higher overall bacteria population than KC in MBBR systems. However, the DNB were not more abundant in high SSA carriers. The diversity of AOB, NOB, and DNB was fairly similar in different carriers. Nitrosomonas sp. dominated over Nitrosospira sp. while denitrifying bacteria included Rhodobacter sp., Sulfuritalea sp., Rubrivivax sp., Paracoccus sp., and Pseudomonas sp. The results from this work suggest that high SRT, high COD:N ratio, low DO concentration in anoxic tanks, and carriers with greater surface area may be recommended for high COD, BOD and TN removal in WRRFs with IFAS and MBBR systems.     

CANON生物膜载体储存及活性恢复研究

采用不同活性恢复手段研究了短期低温（20d,15℃）储存及常温（25℃）低负荷运行后,CANON-MBBR反应器的活性恢复效果.结果显示,CANON悬浮载体经短期低温储存后,通过先恢复温度后缓慢提高进水负荷的方式可使其TN去除负荷恢复率达到102%.若在温度未恢复的基础上直接将进水负荷提升至原水平运行,CANON悬浮载体生物膜将无法维持正常的EPS含量而易发生脱膜现象,致使TN去除负荷恢复率仅为84%.另外,系统有一定基质浓度的基础上,经过25d常温（25℃）低负荷SBR运行后,通过同样的恢复手段可使TN去除负荷恢复率达到96%.通过微生物菌群分析,确定CANON-MBBR系统中功能微生物优势菌属分别为Nitrosomonas和Candidatus Kuenenia,采取合适的恢复手段使系统进入稳定运行阶段后,两者丰度均可分别达到11%以上及27%以上,且悬浮载体脱膜并未对微生物组成造成明显影响.     

生物移动床处理污水的应用现状

生物移动床是近年来提出的一种新型的生物膜水处理技术,同传统的活性污泥法和普通的生物膜法相比,它具有更高的有机物去除效率和更好的脱氮除磷效果。目前它已在多类废水的处理方面得到了应用。文章概述了生物移动床的工艺、机理及国内外的应用现状,探讨了其未来的研究方向。     

MBBR法工艺的应用现状及其研究进展

文中简要介绍了移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR法）的发展背景及其应用现状,并结合具体实例对各种影响因素进行了细致的分析,结果表明：针对不同类型的污水,填料、溶解氧、水力停留时间、水温以及pH值等均不同程度的影响MBBR工艺的最终处理效果。在此基础上对MBBR与其他工艺相结合的组合工艺进行了阐述,并对其发展前景做一些展望。     

以亲水化改性聚氨酯为多孔载体的生物膜移动床反应器处理污水中试研究

载体是生物膜移动术反应器(MBBR)工艺的关键影响因素,利用亲水化改性聚氨酯载体构建MBBR,用于城市污水的中试研究.反应器日处理能力为3～3.5 t.d-1,水力停留时间为7～8 h,在连续进水(进水COD 140～280 mg.L-1,NH4+-N 30～50 mg.L-1,总氮45～65 mg.L-1,总磷2.5～4.0 mg.L-1)条件下对改性载体的挂膜速度、有机物和氮的去除效果及不同温度下的污水处理特性进行了研究.140 d的试验结果表明在24～28℃时,载体上生物膜在6 d左右即可完成挂膜,并达到稳定的处理效果.COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP的平均去除率分别为70%、97%、70%和39%.随着水温逐渐降低到12℃左右,NH4+-N的去除率依然能达到97%,表明通过添加改性载体可以提高反应器低温条件下的硝化能力.     

Influence of MBBR carrier geometrical properties and biofilm thickness restraint on biofilm properties, effluent particle size distribution, settling velocity distribution, and settling behaviour

The relatively poor settling characteristics of particles produced in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) outline the importance of developing a fundamental understanding of the characterization and settleability of MBBR-produced solids. The influence of carrier geometric properties and different levels of biofilm thickness on biofilm characteristics, solids production, particle size distribution (PSD), and particle settling velocity distribution (PSVD) is evaluated in this study. The analytical ViCAs method is applied to the MBBR effluent to assess the distribution of particle settling velocities. This method is combined with microscopy imaging to relate particle size distribution to settling velocity. Three conventionally loaded MBBR systems are studied at a similar loading rate of 6.0 g/(m² •day) and with different carrier types. The AnoxK™ K5 carrier, a commonly used carrier, is compared to so-called thickness-restraint carriers, AnoxK™ Z-carriers that are newly designed carriers to limit the biofilm thickness. Moreover, two levels of biofilm thickness, 200 μm and 400 μm, are studied using AnoxK™ Z-200 and Z-400 carriers. Statistical analysis confirms that K5 carriers demonstrated a significantly different biofilm mass, thickness, and density, in addition to distinct trends in PSD and PSVD in comparison with Z-carriers. However, in comparison of thickness-restraint carriers, Z-200 carrier results did not vary significantly compared to the Z-400 carrier. The K5 carriers showed the lowest production of suspended solids (0.7 ± 0.3 g-TSS/day), thickest biofilm (281.1 ± 8.7 µm) and lowest biofilm density (65.0 ± 1.5 kg/m³). The K5 effluent solids also showed enhanced settling behaviour, consisting of larger particles with faster settling velocities.     

Denitrification and microbial community in MBBR using A. donax as carbon source and biofilm carriers for reverse osmosis concentrate treatment

In this study,raw Arundo donax(A.donax)pieces were applied as carbon source and biofilm carriers for denitrification in a lab-scale moving bed biofilm reactor(MBBR)for the treatment of reverse osmosis concentrate gathered from local wastewater reuse plant.At stable phase(about 60 days),efficient denitrification performance was obtained with73.2%±19.5%NO_(3-)~-N average removal and 8.10±3.45 g N/(m~3·day)NO_(3-)~-N average volumetric removal rate.Mass balance analysis showed that 4.84 g A.donax was required to remove 1 g TN.Quantitative real-time PCR analysis results showed that the copy numbers of 16S r-RNA,narG,nirS,nosZ and anammox gene of carrier biofilm and suspended activated sludge in the declination phase(BF2 and AS2)were lower than those of samples in the stable phase(BF1 and AS1),and relatively higher copy numbers of nirS and nirK genes with lower abundance of narG and nosZ genes were observed.High-throughput sequencing analysis was conducted for BF2 and AS2,and similar dominant phyla and classes with different abundance were obtained.The class Gammaproteobacteria affiliated with the phylum Proteobacteria was the most dominant microbial community in both BF2(52.6%)and AS2(41.7%).The PICRUSt prediction results indicated that 33 predictive specific genes were related to denitrification process,and the relative abundance of 18 predictive specific genes in BF2 were higher than those in AS2.     

炼油废水处理装置提标改造

对某炼油厂废水处理装置进行提标改造。在原炼油废水处理流程的基础上将接触氧化池改造为移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）,将斜板沉淀池改换为高密度沉淀池,分别为新增曝气生物滤池（BAF）、催化臭氧氧化等深度处理工艺。改造后装置运行平稳,出水各项指标的6个月平均值：COD 25.2 mg/L,ρ（NH₃-N） 1.3 mg/L,TN 12.6 mg/L,TP 0.11 mg/L,满足《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》（GB 31570—2015）的排放要求。改造后每年COD和NH₃-N消减分别约为240 t和44 t,环境效益显著。     

MBBR工艺及其运行中易出现问题的探讨

简述了MBBR工艺的原理和特点，介绍了MBBR工艺在处理高、低负荷污水及其在脱氮方面的应用研究，对该工艺在运行中出现的问题及解决方法进行了初步探讨，并指出了MBBR工艺的发展方向。     

多环芳烃及其衍生物在SBR/MBBR工艺中的分布与去除

多环芳烃(PAHs)是一类重要的持久性有毒有机污染物,而其衍生物SPAHs的毒性更高.通过对青岛市城阳污水处理厂采样,分析在其SBR/MBBR工艺中16种PAHs及硝基PAHs(NPAHs),甲基PAHs(MPAHs)以及氧基PAHs(OPAHs)的分布与去除.结果表明,16种PAHs及13种SPAHs均有检出,进水中,PAHs与SPAHs的总质量浓度分别为3 835. 14 ng·L~(-1)与6 889. 46 ng·L~(-1),其浓度远远高于其他地区的污水处理厂.在出水中,PAHs与SPAHs的总质量浓度为1 148. 18 ng·L~(-1)与1 724. 57 ng·L~(-1),去除率分别为70. 06%与74. 97%,可见SBR/MBBR工艺能有效去除PAHs与SPAHs.水相中PAHs的去除主要是针对低环多环芳烃(LMW-PAHs)的生物降解;而颗粒相中PAHs的去除主要依靠初沉池对LMW-PAHs的吸附沉淀以及生物单元对高环多环芳烃(HMW-PAHs)的生物吸附.对于SPAHs,MPAHs去除效果最好,去除率达89. 15%,颗粒吸附以及生物降解是其主要的去除机制;其次是OPAHs,去除率为63. 36%,在水相中主要依靠一级处理的颗粒吸附去除,在颗粒相中则主要在二级处理的生物吸附去除; NPAHs的去除率为48. 85%,主要在生物池中去除. SPAHs在SBR/MBBR工艺中的去除机制不尽相同,污水处理厂应根据不同处理工段PAHs与SPAHs的分布特征采取相应控制措施,而污泥中富集的PAHs与SPAHs远高于出水的排放量,因此,还应加强污泥中PAHs与SPAHs的管理.