关于内蒙古自治区开展城市环境总体规划工作的思考

本文通过分析开展城市环境总体规划的必要性及重要性,根据内蒙古自治区总体发展定位及发展态势,初步提出择取环境保护基础工作较为扎实、城市类型具有一定代表性的呼和浩特市、包头市、鄂尔多斯市、呼伦贝尔市4个城市开展环境总规的一些想法。城市环境总规的开展,将对城市未来10－20年城市环境安全保障、生态系统健康维护、环境资源合理利用、城市建设与环境协调发展、生态文明建设水平提高提供科学依据,为全区环境保护规划的编制提供基础性的支撑,为全区环境保护管控工作提供强有力的支撑。     

Integral stormwater management master plan and design in an ecological community

Urban stormwater runoff nearly discharges directly into bodies of water through gray infrastructure in China, such as sewers, impermeable ditches, and pump stations. As urban flooding, water shortage, and other environment problems become serious, integrated water environment management is becoming increasingly complex and challenging. At more than 200 ha, the Oriental Sun City community is a large retirement community located in the eastern side of Beijing. During the beginning of its construction, the project faced a series of serious water environment crises such as eutrophication, flood risk, water shortage, and high maintenance costs. To address these issues, an integral storrnwater management master plan was developed based on the concept of low impact development （LID）. A large number of LID and green stormwater infrastructure （GSI） approaches were designed and applied in the community to replace traditional stormwater drainage systems completely. These approaches mainly included bioretention （which captured nearly 85th percentile volume of the annual runoff in the site, nearly 5.4 x 10^5 m3 annually）, swales （which functioned as a substitute for traditional stormwater pipes）, waterscapes, and stormwater wetlands. Finally, a stormwater system plan was proposed by integrating with the gray water system, landscape planning, an architectural master plan, and related consultations that supported the entire construction period. After more than 10 years of planning, designing, construction, and operation, Oriental Sun City has become one of the earliest modem large-scale LID communities in China. Moreover, the project not only addressed the crisis efficiently and effectively, but also yielded economic and ecological benefits.     

Integrating environmental impact assessment with master planning: lessons from the US Army

The US National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires agencies to consider environmental impacts in the early stages of planning and decision-making. Despite this mandate, agencies typically conduct EIA for projects, rather than for earlier and more strategic decisions, such as plans. This research investigated the extent to which a large federal agency, the US Army, has integrated NEPA analyses with master planning for their installations. Using in-depth case studies of 16 installations, we investigated how and why EIA was (or was not) integrated with planning, and identified the factors that promote or impede integration. Typically, integration has been regarded as concurrence, meaning that the EIA and planning processes are conducted together. Results of this research show, however, that integration can occur, even if the NEPA documents and master plans are not concurrently prepared. In this sense, integration can be viewed as the influence of the EIA process on agency planning and decision-making. Results also indicate that regulations are only one factor, and that several other factors influence the extent of integration, such as agency leadership and organizational incentives. Lessons from this study can help improve both the integration and the substantive implementation of EIA.     

常州市水质总体规划方案的多指标决策研究

本文概述了用于水质总体规划研究中的协调规划、协同游戏理论和存优汰劣等3种多指标决策方法。介绍了在常州市水质保护总体规划方案优化研究中应用多指标决策方法,在进行水质效益和费用分析基础上,确定最优的总体规划方案。     

辽宁营口港总体规划环境评价实践

以辽宁营口港总体规划环境评价为例,探讨了目前中国规划环境评价中的若干热点问题,包括多方案比选与“零方案”分析、区域生态环境影响预测与分析、规划的兼容性分析、公众参与、规划环境合理性综合论证等5个方面.研究表明,规划的兼容性分析和环境合理性综合论证是规划环评的重要特征.目前中国规划环评的介入时间仍显较晚,在基础数据库建设、公众参与、环境减缓措施等方面尚显不足.规划环境指标综合分析表明,营口港总体规划的实施,可能对海岸带生态环境产生一定的不利影响,但在采取一定的环境保护措施后,其不利影响可控制在可接受的范围内.     

Evaluating environmental education,citizen science,and stewardship through naturalist programs

Amateur naturalists have played an important role in the study and conservation of nature since the 17th century. Today, naturalist groups make important contributions to bridge the gap between conservation science and practice around the world. We examined data from 2 regional naturalist programs to understand participant motivations, barriers, and perspectives as well as the actions they take to advance science, stewardship, and community engagement. These programs provide certification‐based natural history and conservation science training for adults that is followed by volunteer service in citizen science, education, and stewardship. Studies in California and Virginia include quantitative and qualitative evaluation data collected through pre‐ and postcourse surveys, interviews, and long‐term tracking of volunteer hours. Motivations of participants focused on learning about the local environment and plants and animals, connecting with nature, becoming certified, and spending time with people who have similar interests. Over half the participants surveyed were over 50 years old, two‐thirds were women, and a majority reported household incomes of over $50,000 (60% in California, 85% in Virginia), and <20% of those surveyed in both states described themselves as nonwhite. Thus, these programs need to improve participation by a wider spectrum of the public. We interviewed younger and underrepresented adults to examine barriers to participation in citizen science. The primary barrier was lack of time due to the need to work and focus on career advancement. Survey data revealed that participants’ ecological knowledge, scientific skills, and belief in their ability to address environmental issues increased after training. Documented conservation actions taken by the participants include invasive plant management, habitat restoration, and cleanups of natural areas and streams. Long‐term data from Virginia on volunteer hours dedicated to environmental citizen science show an increase from 14% in 2007 to 32% in 2014. In general, participants in the naturalist programs we examined increased their content knowledge about ecosystems, had greater confidence in conserving them, and continued to engage as citizen scientists after completing the program.     

我国环境空间规划制度的研究进展

建立严格的环境空间管控制度,可以破解现阶段城市出现的一系列复合型、区域性和格局性环境问题,对从源头促进"人-城市-自然"和谐发展具有重要意义。为全面梳理环境空间规划制度和弥补其研究发展中的不足,对以环境功能区划、城市环境总体规划和生态保护红线制度为代表的环境空间规划制度的理论、技术与实践进行了较为全面的分析,对现有研究和未来探索提出展望,以期为以环境质量改善和风险防范为指导的环境空间规划制度提供理论依据和实践管理经验,从而全面引导城市的健康可持续发展。     

生态适宜度评价在城市总体规划环境影响评价中的应用——以宿迁市城市总体规划为例

以江苏省宿迁市城市总体规划为研究对象,在中心城区的用地布局和功能组团设置中引入土地利用生态适宜度评价的方法,建立中心城区生态适宜度评价指标体系,并借助GIS技术将数值计算和图形叠置有机结合,实现对中心城区布局进行生态适宜度评价的定量化研究方法,为中心城区的城市总体规划提供决策依据.