高声能密度超声波破碎污泥细胞效能的研究

采用超声波在较高声能密度下处理SBR的剩余污泥,主要考察了含固率、声能密度和作用时间对污泥细胞破碎效果的影响。结果表明,在声能密度0.5～3 W/mL内,含固率1%～1.5%的剩余污泥经超声波作用后,上清液SCOD随作用时间呈线性升高;在声能密度1～3 W/mL内,含固率0.25%～0.5%的剩余污泥经超声波作用后,上清液SCOD随作用时间呈平缓缓慢升高。高声能密度超声波更适合对较高含固率污泥的细胞破碎;此情况下,上清液SCOD增幅、NH4＋-N、TN及TP升幅均与声能密度正相关。经超声波作用6 min后,污泥形态结构已破坏。     

Optimal descriptor as a translator of eclectic information into the prediction of membrane damage by means of various TiO2 nanoparticles

The increasing use of nanomaterials incorporated into consumer products leads to the need for developing approaches to establish “quantitative structure–activity relationships” (QSARs) for various nanomaterials. However, the molecular structure as rule is not available for nanomaterials at least in its classic meaning. An possible alternative of classic QSAR (based on the molecular structure) is the using of data on physicochemical features of TiO₂ nanoparticles. The damage to cellular membranes (units L⁻¹) by means of various TiO₂ nanoparticles is examined as the endpoint.     

Recent improvements in oily wastewater treatment: Progress, challenges, and future opportunities

Oily wastewater poses significant threats to the soil, water, air and human beings because of the hazardous nature of its oil contents. The objective of this review paper is to highlight the current and recently developed methods for oily wastewater treatment through which contaminants such as oil, fats, grease, and inorganics can be removed for safe applications. These include electrochemical treatment, membrane filtration, biological treatment, hybrid technologies, use of biosurfactants, treatment via vacuum ultraviolet radiation, and destabilization of emulsions through the use of zeolites and other natural minerals. This review encompasses innovative and novel approaches to oily wastewater treatment and provides scientific background for future work that will be aimed at reducing the adverse impact of the discharge of oily wastewater into the environment. The current challenges affecting the optimal performance of oily wastewater treatment methods and opportunities for future research development in this field are also discussed.     

Self-registration methods for increasing membrane utilization within compression-sealed microchannel hemodialysers

More than 1.2 million people worldwide require regular hemodialysis therapy to treat end stage renal failure. Current hemodialysis systems are too expensive to support at-home hemodialysis where more frequent and longer duration treatment can lead to better patient outcomes. The key cost driver for hemodialysers is the cost of the hemodialysis membrane. Microchannel hemodialysers are smaller providing the potential to use significantly less membrane. Prior work has demonstrated the use of sealing bosses to form compression seals in microchannel hemodialysers. In this paper, estimates show that the percentage of the membrane utilized for mass transfer is highly dependent on the design and registration accuracy of adjacent blood and dialysate laminae. Efforts here focus on the development of a self-registration method to align polycarbonate laminae compatible with compression sealing schemes for membrane separation applications. Self-nesting registration methods were demonstrated with average registration accuracies of 11.4 ± 7.2 μm measured over a 50 mm scale. Analysis shows that the registration accuracy is constrained by tolerances in the embossing process. A dialysis test article was produced using the self-nesting registration method showing a measured average one-dimensional misregistration of 18.5 μm allowing a potential 41.4% of the membrane to be utilized for mass transfer when considering both microchannel and header regions. Mass transfer results provide evidence of a twofold to threefold increase in membrane utilization over other designs in the existing literature.     

Occurrence of glucocorticogenic activity in various surface waters in The Netherlands

Considering the important role that surface waters serve for drinking water production, it is important to know if these resources are under the impact of contaminants. Apart from environmental pollutants such as pesticides, compounds such as (xeno)estrogens have received al lot of research attention and several large monitoring campaigns have been carried out to assess estrogenic contamination in the aquatic environment. The introduction of novel in vitro bioassays enables researchers to study if – and to what extent – water bodies are under the impact of less-studied (synthetic) hormone active compounds. The aim of the present study was to carry out an assessment on the presence and extent of glucocorticogenic activity in Dutch surface waters that serve as sources for drinking water production. The results show glucocorticogenic activity in the range of <LOD – 2.4 ng dexamethasone equivalents L⁻¹ (dex EQs) in four out of eight surface waters. An exploratory time-series study to obtain a more complete picture of the yearly average of fluctuating glucocorticogenic activities at two sample locations demonstrated glucocorticogenic activities ranging between <LOD – 2.7 ng dex EQs L⁻¹. Although immediate human health effects are unlikely, the environmental presence of glucocorticogenic compounds in the ng L⁻¹ range compels further environmental research and assessment.     

Antimony toxicity in the lichen Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr.

In this paper we tested if treating the lichen Xanthoria parietina with Sb-containing solutions causes Sb bioaccumulation as well as physiological and ultrastructural changes. Total and intracellular antimony content in Sb-treated samples increased progressively with increasing concentration in the treatment solutions. Incubation of X. parietina thalli with Sb at concentrations as low as 0.1 mM caused a decrease in sample viability, measured as intensity of respiratory activity, and damage to cell membranes, expressed in terms of membrane lipid peroxidation, as well as ultrastructural changes such as plasmolysis, impairment of the thylakoid system of the alga and cytoplasmic lipid droplets. The photosynthetic system hardly responded, at least under the tested experimental conditions.     

膜生物反应器技术在环境激素废水处理中的应用

本文主要介绍膜生物反应器技术在环境激素废水处理研究中的应用现状。     

Separation and recovery of carbon dioxide by a membrane flash process

A novel process for carbon dioxide (CO₂) separation, which was named a membrane flash process, was developed to realize an energy-saving technology and to substitute it for a conventional regenerator. The electric energy for CO₂ recovery in a membrane flash process using aluminum oxide and diethanolamine was lower than the thermal energy of the conventional chemical absorption process. Flashing at elevated temperature by the low temperature energy significantly reduced the electric energy and required much less membrane area. This process has potentiality of low cost capture of CO₂ when the low temperature energy, which is not available for other purposes, can be utilized to elevate flashing temperature.     

Plant Uptake/Bioavailability of Heavy Metals from the Contaminated Soil after Treatment with Humus Soil and Hydroxyapatite

Cellulose nitrate membrane filter was used for the preconcentration-separation of Cu, Co, Cd, Pb and Cr ions. The analyte ions were collected on the membrane filter by the aid of carmine. Then membrane filter was dissolved by using nitric acid. The levels of the analytes in the final solutions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The analytical parameters including pH, amounts of carmine, sample volumes etc. have been optimized. No influences have been observed from the matrix ions. The detection limits for analytes were in the range of 0.08 μg/l-0.93 μg/l. The validation of the procedure was checked by the analysis of standard reference sediment (GBW 07309). The present method has been successfully applied for the FAAS determinations of analyte ions in real samples including black tea and magnesium salts.     

分置式膜-生物反应器处理生活污水及其体积负荷的确定

分置式膜－生物反应器处理生活污水的运行结果表明,在不同的污泥龄和水力停留时间下,处理效果稳定,污泥上清液中ＣＯＤ浓度平均为１９．５ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,膜出水ＣＯＤ浓度平均为５．３ｍ ｇ／Ｌ． 对分置式－生物反应器的体积负荷进行推导表明,浓缩区的存在是该工艺处理能力较大的原因． 体积负荷由膜出水有机物浓度与污泥混合液有机物浓度之比α,浓缩区与反应器体积之比β和膜出水量与污泥混合液循环流量之比λ决定,即可以通过增加浓缩区体积和调整循环流量来控制分置式－生物反应器的处理能力．