一株克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.)Z6的分离及其产电特性研究

产电微生物是驱动微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cell,MFC)运行的关键.采用分离培养-MFC产电实验的方法,从以污水处理厂活性污泥为接种物的MFC阳极生物膜中分离到一株产电微生物,命名为Z6.菌株Z6的16S rDNA序列与已知菌株Klebsiell aoxytoca An16-2具有100%的同源性,结合该菌生理和形态特征将其初步鉴定为克雷伯氏菌属.菌株Z6接种MFC的产电结果表明,以柠檬酸钠为底物时MFC的最大体积功率密度达到14.35W·m-3,内阻为400Ω,显示出较强的电化学活性.通过循环伏安分析和外源AQDS添加实验结果推测,菌株Z6很可能通过分泌电子传递中间体传递电子.     

节球藻毒素对小鼠肝脏微结构的影响研究

作为新型生物毒素,节球藻毒素(NOD)常见于爆发水华的水体中,是泡沫节球藻分泌的具有高肝毒性的次生代谢产物.由于其毒性高、暴露途径广且不易降解而日趋受到人们的重视.为了阐明NOD的肝毒性机理,本研究以模式生物小鼠为载体,研究亚慢性NOD诱导下小鼠肝脏在形态学、病理学上的微结构变化.结果表明,10 μg·kg-1.D-NOD下暴露21 d可诱导小鼠肝脏出现“草莓状表面”的肉眼可见的形态学改变.在H&E染色下,观察到在NOD暴露21d可诱导小鼠肝脏出现微小结节、细胞嗜酸性病变、炎症细胞浸润、慢性淤胆及脂肪病变等病理学现象.当暴露时间延长到28 d时,嗜酸性病变恶化并出现嗜酸小体在TEM观察下,小鼠肝细胞在NOD的诱导下出现肝细胞核皱缩、染色质凝集或边集、线粒体嵴横纹加深及分布散乱、内质网肿胀、核糖体脱粒等现象,并且在胞质中多有观察到微泡性脂肪变性及吞噬小泡.上述变化充分说明,在亚慢性暴露条件下,NOD依然具有强烈肝毒性.引起NOD慢性肝中毒的主要原因是肝细胞嗜酸性病变及炎症的诱发,并在暴露时间延长后进一步恶化,肝板结构破坏更加严重.     

脱水污泥/松木锯末水蒸气共气化研究

以城市污水处理厂机械脱水后的污泥(含水率约为80％)和松木锯末的混合物为原料,进行了共气化制取富氢燃气的研究.同时,采用热重分析(TGA)研究了混合样品的热失重特性,并在固定床反应器上考察了不同掺混比对燃气成分、燃气产量和碳转化率的影响.TGA结果表明,随着锯末掺混比的增加,样品的失重量、最大失重率及挥发分析出特性指数增大.在固定床反应器中,脱水污泥中的水分在高温条件下形成蒸气气氛,与产生的半焦发生了蒸气气化反应.实验结果表明,最佳掺混比为40％ ～ 60％,此时氢气含量、燃气产量、碳转化率分别为40％、0.70 m3· kg-1、64.1％.此外,借助BET和SEM对残余半焦的比表面积及表面形貌特征进行了分析.     

水生植物在微生物燃料电池中的应用研究进展

微生物燃料电池在降解污染物的同时能将污染物中的化学能转化为电能。研究微生物燃料电池是对污水处理过程中回收环境友好能源的多学科交叉探索,可以为我国有效解决能源与环境问题提供新的技术途径。水生植物在微生物燃料电池研究中已得到了应用,显示出了良好的污水净化效果和生物产电特性。目前利用水生植物构建的微生物燃料电池,一类是将高等植物根区作为电池的阳极系统,目的是利用根区分泌物解决MFC的燃料问题;另一类是直接将低等水生植物藻类构建生物阴极型微生物燃料电池,其实质是利用藻类光合作用产氧构建好氧型生物阴极微生物燃料电池而还原CO2。文章对水生植物在微生物燃料中的作用机制、调控措施、运行条件、工艺参数等方面的研究现状进行了综合分析,也提出了需要深入研究的方向。     

处理垃圾渗滤液的Fe/C空气阴极MFC性能研究

用浸渍法制得硝酸铁/活性炭粉催化剂,通过吸附法将催化剂吸附到碳毡上制作Fe/C催化剂碳毡空气阴极电极.通过改变初始活性炭粉投加量和硝酸铁浓度,考察了两者对以垃圾渗滤液为燃料的MFC产电性能影响;通过循环伏安测试,对不同硝酸铁浓度下自制阴极电极性能进行了评价;在最佳催化条件下考察了装置运行稳定性;并对不同进水COD浓度下同步产电和污水净化性能进行了研究.结果表明,随着活性炭粉投加量或硝酸铁浓度的增加,MFC产电性能均呈现先升高后降低的趋势;当活性炭粉投加量为1 g且硝酸铁浓度为0.25 mol.L-1时,电池性能最佳,功率密度为4 199.8 mW.m-3,表观内阻为465Ω;在硝酸铁和活性炭粉最佳比范围内,MFC的内阻和功率密度分别随着催化剂量的增加而减小和增加;循环伏安测试进一步表明,硝酸铁浓度为0.25 mol.L-1时放电容量最大,且性能稳定;在最佳催化条件下,随着进水COD浓度的增加,MFC产电性能增加,功率密度达5 478.92 mW.m-3,同时COD去除量也增加,最大为1 505.2 mg.L-1,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率最大达89.1%.     

柴油轿车燃用煤基F-T合成油的排放特性

依据GB 18352.3-2005Ⅰ型试验循环,对帕萨特柴油轿车燃用沪四柴油、煤基F-T合成油、体积混合比例分别为10%和50%的煤基F-T合成油-沪四柴油混合燃料的CO、NOx、HC、PM和CO2排放特性进行了试验研究,分析了该车燃用F-T合成油尾气污染物排放的环境影响特性.结果表明,GB 18352.3-2005Ⅰ型试验循环中,该车燃用煤基F-T合成油-沪四柴油混合燃料城区行驶循环排放的CO、HC、PM和CO2相对较高,城郊行驶循环排放的NOx相对较高;与沪四柴油比较,该柴油轿车燃用煤基F-T合成油-沪四柴油混合燃料后,其CO、NOx、HC、PM和CO2排放均有不同程度的降低,且产生气溶胶、酸化、全球变暖等环境影响的潜力减小.煤基F-T合成油是一种较理想的柴油替代/补充燃料.     

几种高硅质矿物细颗粒的A549细胞毒性对比

以大气颗粒物成分中主要矿物相:石英、绢云母、钠长石和蒙脱石这4种高硅质矿物细颗粒为研究对象,检测其对A549细胞存活率、膜损伤及炎性因子释放的影响,旨在对比分析几种高硅质矿物细颗粒的毒性大小,并从颗粒物物理化学性质角度阐述其细胞毒性作用机制.结果表明,几种硅质细颗粒对A549细胞存活率的影响:蒙脱石绢云母≥石英钠长石.细胞存活率与矿物颗粒样品的SiO_2含量之间相关性较差,与Fe_2O_3含量存在较好相关性,Fe_2O_3含量越高毒性越大.高硅质矿物颗粒共培养环境中H_2O_2释放量与样品中Fe_2O_3含量呈正相关关系.蒙脱石组细胞受H_2O_2影响最大,石英和钠长石组细胞受粉体释放H_2O_2影响较小.所检测的几种高硅质矿物颗粒不同程度地造成细胞膜损伤,且均可触发A549细胞释放TNF-α或IL-6,进一步激发免疫反应的产生,但不同类型的高硅质矿物颗粒促发炎性反应不同.高硅质矿物细颗粒的成分结构并不是影响其生物活性的唯一因素,粉体的外在形态、表面活性基团、溶解性、吸附和离子交换特性等对细胞的存活率、细胞膜损伤、液相自由基的释放及炎性反应的影响同样不容忽视.     

Impacts of methanol fuel on vehicular emissions: A review

● Methanol effectively reduces CO, HC, CO₂, PM, and PN emissions of gasoline vehicles. ● Elemental composition of methanol directly affects the reduction of emissions. ● Several physicochemical properties of methanol help reduce vehicle emissions. The transport sector is a significant energy consumer and a major contributor to urban air pollution. At present, the substitution of cleaner fuel is one feasible way to deal with the growing energy demand and environmental pollution. Methanol has been recognized as a good alternative to gasoline due to its good combustion performance. In the past decades, many studies have investigated exhaust emissions using methanol-gasoline blends. However, the conclusions derived from different studies vary significantly, and the explanations for the effects of methanol blending on exhaust emissions are also inconsistent. This review summarizes the characteristics of CO, HC, NO_x, CO₂, and particulate emissions from methanol-gasoline blended fuels and pure methanol fuel. CO, HC, CO₂, particle mass (PM), and particle number (PN) emissions decrease when methanol-blended fuel is used in place of gasoline fuel. NO_x emission either decreases or increases depending on the test conditions, i.e., methanol content. Furthermore, this review synthesizes the mechanisms by which methanol-blended fuel influences pollutant emissions. This review provides insight into the pollutant emissions from methanol-blended fuel, which will aid policymakers in making energy strategy decisions that take urban air pollution, climate change, and energy security into account.     

Determination of growth kinetics of microorganisms linked with 1,4-dioxane degradation in a consortium based on two improved methods

● Evaluated three methods for determining the consortia’s growth kinetics. ● Conventional method is flawed since it relies on the total biomass concentration. ● Considering only selected bacterial taxa improved the accuracy. ● Considering oligotrophs and copiotrophs further improved the accuracy. The conventional method for determining growth kinetics of microbial consortia relies on the total biomass concentration. This may be inaccurate for substrates that are uncommon in nature and can only be degraded by a small portion of the microbial community. 1,4-dioxane, an emerging contaminant, is an example of such substrates. In this work, we evaluated an improved method for determining the growth kinetics of a 1,4-dioxane-degrading microbial consortium. In the improved method, we considered only bacterial taxa whose concentration increase correlated to 1,4-dioxane concentration decrease in duplicate microcosm tests. Using PEST (Parameter Estimation), a model-independent parameter estimator, the kinetic constants were estimated by fitting the Monod kinetics-based simulation results to the experimental data that consisted of the concentrations of 1,4-dioxane and the considered bacterial taxa. The estimated kinetic constants were evaluated by comparing the simulation results with experimental results from another set of microcosm tests. The evaluation was quantified by the sum of squared relative residual, which was four orders of magnitude lower for the improved method than the conventional method. By further dividing the considered bacterial taxa into oligotrophs and copiotrophs, the sum of squared relative residual further decreased.     

Bamboo charcoal addition enhanced the nitrogen removal of anammox granular sludge with COD: Performance, physicochemical characteristics and microbial community

The effects of different chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations on the anammox granular sludge with Bamboo Charcoal (BC) addition were evaluated in UASB reactor. The results showed that the average total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was reduced from 85.9% to 81.4% when COD concentration was increased from 50 to 150 mg/L. However, the TN removal efficiency of BC addition reactors was dramatically 3.1%–6.4% higher than that without BC under different COD concentrations. The average diameter of granular sludge was 0.13 mm higher than that without BC. The settling velocity was increased by elevated COD concentration, while the EPS and VSS/SS were increased with BC addition. The high-throughput Miseq sequencing analyses revealed that the bacterial diversity and richness were decreased under COD addition, and the Planctomycetes related to anammox bacteria were Candidatus Brocadia and Candidatus Kuenenia. The Metagenomic sequencing indicated that the abundance of denitrification related functional genes all increased with elevated COD, while the abundance of anammox related functional genes of decreased. The functional genes related to anammox was hydrazine synthase encoding genes (hzsA, hzsB and hzsB). The average relative abundance of hzs genes in the reactor with BC addition was higher than the control at COD concentrations of 50 mg/L and 150 mg/L. The functional genes of denitrification mediated by BC were higher than those without BC throughout the operation phase. It is interesting to note that BC addition greatly enriched the related functional genes of denitrification and anammox.