贵州开阳地区富硒地层及风化土壤地球化学特征

通过对开阳地层和土壤调查,发现灯影组、牛蹄塘组等地层富集硒元素,由其风化而来的土壤也富硒。富硒地层同时还富集Mo、As、Cd、Sb、Ba、Co、Ni、Tl、V、Zn等元素,而相对缺Ag、Bi、Cr、Ga、Rb、Sr、Ta、Zr等元素;富硒地层风化形成的土壤中As、Ba、Cd、Co、Mo、Ni、Sb、Se、Tl等元素对基岩有明显的继承而富集;Pb元素则在基岩风化过程中流失而亏损;Cu、Sc、V、Zn元素在基岩风化后明显富集;而Ni、Co、Cd则具有对基岩的继承和后期风化富集的双重特征。研究表明该地区硒的富集是热水沉积、深部物质沿白马洞深大断裂迁移、热卤水的迁移混合,铀矿化以及大量硫化物的存在共同作用的结果。开阳富硒地层及风化土壤中稀土元素总量∑REE为66.61～609.13×10-6,LREE/HREE比值为1.17～5.40,(La/Yb)N=5.08～15.72>1,REE分布模式为右倾型,轻稀土段右倾明显,(La/Sm)N=1.43～7.44>1,为LREE富集型,重稀土段则相对平缓,(Tb/Yb)N=1.01～2.39。通过对微量、稀土元素的分析表明,富硒的黑色岩系形成于缺氧条件下的低温热水沉积环境。     

黑龙江甘南县大气降尘重金属元素沉降通量及来源分析

从2009年3月到2010年3月,采用被动式同时采集了黑龙江甘南县17个点的大气降尘样品,分析了Cd、Hg、Cr、Mn、Ni、Pb、As、Cu、Zn九种元素的含量,对重金属元素沉降通量进行了计算和分析,并利用富集因子分析和相关性分析的方法对元素来源做了解析。研究表明：降尘中重金属元素Mn的年沉降通量数据值较高,均值为7...     

三台县农业面源污染的生态补偿机制与措施研究

三台县是一个农业大县,随着农业经济的迅速发展,农业面源污染日趋严重。种植业污染、畜禽养殖、农村生活污染成为三台县农业面源污染的主要因素。面源污染具有分散性、随机性和监测成本高的特点。对三台县农业面源污染产生进行了经济学分析,农业面源污染属于外部不经济性,通过建立生态补偿机制,控制农业面源污染。以三台县建立生态县和新农村建设为基础,通过转变农业生产方式,调整产业结构,发展生态农业,推进生态村的建设等生态补偿治理措施,改善三台县的农业生态环境。     

Analysis of Soil and Water Balance on the Land Arrangement Function

Abstract

The natural supply of land resources is limited, but the economic supply may change along with social and economic development, and its size is decided bye nature and social and economic body conditions. When the supplying ability of land resources threatens the development of society and the conflict between people and land becomes tense, it forced people to improve land utilization and to increase the effective supply of land resources. The paper made an overall consideration on the characteristics of the irrigated farming and the frail ecological environment in Fuhai County, Altay Area, Xinjiang Uigur Autonomous Region and explored land arrangement planning as well as water resource planning and environmental protection. The paper evaluated natural resources, land utilization and water resource of the case study areas and focused on the spatio-temporal balance between the utilization of water and land resources. In the end the paper a feasible plan was made out for the land arrangement project.     

Driving factors and the implications of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China

Using rural survey data for the year 2009,we provide evidence of work choices of rural laborers in ecologically vulnerable areas in North China,and model these choices as a function of characteristics of individuals,households,and land endowments.The findings reveal large differences between males and females,and between non-farm employment and part-time farming engagement Land scarcity is still an important driving factor in non-farming participation of rural laborers in the study area;and in the current case of land productivity and the total amount of land,there are still surplus rural labor forces in the study area.Diversification of livelihood reduces the pressure on land,thus facilitating ecosystem conservation.So,the paper concludes with the argument that establishing coordination mechanisms among non-farm employment of rural laborers,agricultural production,and restoration of ecosystems are essential for mitigating the conflicts of ecological security,agricultural production,and rural development in mis area.     

Research of the Response of Ecosystem to LUCC in Miyun County,Beijing: Based on Ecosystem Services Valuation

Abstract

Miyun County, located in the northeast of Chinese capital Beijing, was underwent remarkable variations in land use in recent years. This paper aimed to detect changes in land use of Miyun from 1997 to 2005, and to qualify the response of ecosystem to LUCC based on ecosystem services valuation. With two-periods TM images, we got land use change data, and then ecosystem services values were calculated using ecosystem services valuation coefficients proposed by Chinese scholar Xie Gaodi. Results showed that water area, farm land and unused land decreased while residential land, forest land, grassland and orchard land increased during the study period. The loss of ESV was RMB 206 million and the main reason was the decrease of water area and farm land area. As for spatial variation, there were most dramatically land use change and ESV decline in reservoir ecological protection region. The coefficient sensitivity analysis indicates that valuation coefficients used in the study are suitable and results are reasonable. The driving forces of ESV loss were rapid population growth and economic development. More work should be done to make eco-environment stay healthy.     

山东单县浅层高氟高碘地下水的水化学特征及成因分析

氟和碘作为人体必需的微量元素,过少或过多摄入都会影响人身健康,相较于缺氟、缺碘,高氟高碘地下水对人体的危害更加难以控制。该研究选择单县作为典型的水源型高氟高碘地区,通过对浅层高氟高碘地下水进行采样测试,采用箱线图、Piper图及双变量相关性分析等多元统计技术剖析了该区域浅层地下水的水环境特征;采用R型因子分析揭示了水化学成分之间的相互关系,探讨了该区浅层高氟高碘地下水的成因。结果表明:①单县浅层地下水中的氟化物和碘化物的质量浓度均值分别为1.2 mg/L和391 μg/L。②随着氟化物浓度的增加,水化学类型偏向于向HCO₃-Na型和HCO₃-Na·Mg型集中,而随着碘化物浓度的增加,水化学类型则倾向于以HCO₃-Na·Mg为主。③该区域强烈的蒸发浓缩作用是控制单县浅层地下水化学成分的最重要因子;萤石平衡控制作用是控制单县浅层地下水高氟背景的因子;水-有机沉积物相互作用是控制单县浅层地下水高碘背景的因子。     

滨海集约农区耕地质量演变趋势研究——以山东省广饶县为例

论文以山东省广饶县为研究对象,基于GIS技术,选取广饶县1979、 2007年两期耕地质量评价相关数据,以50 m×50 m栅格为评价单元,以综合指数法为评价方法评价了广饶县两期耕地综合质量,并分析了从1979年到2007年广饶县耕地综合质量的变化情况.研究发现:1979年耕地质量等级占主要比例的为三四等地,2007年耕地质量等级占主要比例的为一二等地;两期耕地质量等级分布规律相似,耕地质量等级都是从西南内陆到东北沿海逐步降低;从1979年到2007年,广饶县耕地基础设施逐步完善,耕地养分含量普遍提高,使得广饶县的耕地质量等级普遍提高,较大面积的三四等耕地转换为一二等耕地,特别是南部地区耕地质量等级提高程度明显.     

新疆于田县优质富锂富锶天然饮用矿泉水及其开发前景

为了调查新疆于田县的水质和水资源特色,2010 年和2012 年在新疆于田县及于田县邻区采集水样,并对其元素含量进行分析测定。结果在新疆于田县新发现一个优质天然富锂富锶饮用矿泉水水源,水化学类型为Na·Mg-HCO₃·Cl,锂含量1 765.5 μg/L,锶含量1.1 mg/L,分别为国家饮用矿泉水锂（Li≥200 μg/L）和锶（Sr≥0.2 mg/L）最低界限指标的8.8 倍和5.5 倍。于田县城饮用矿泉水含水层厚度大,岩性为卵砾石,透水性好,水量较丰富。于田县优质矿泉水与国内外主要矿泉水相比,具有富锂、富锶等有益元素,且富锂矿泉水是中国稀缺的矿泉水资源,因此具有广阔的市场前景。     

区域生态环境变化的遥感评价指数

基于遥感信息技术提出一个新型的遥感生态指数(RSEI),以快速监测与评价区域生态质量.该指数耦合了植被指数、湿度分量、地表温度和土壤指数等4个评价指标,分别代表了绿度、湿度、热度和干度等4大生态要素.与常用的多指标加权集成法不同的是,本研究提出用主成分变换来集成各个指标,各指标对RSEI的影响是根据其数据本身的性质来决定,而不是由人为的加权来决定.因此,指标的集成更为客观合理.将RSEI应用于福建长汀水土流失区,并与国家环境保护部《生态环境状况评价技术规范》中的生态指数EI的计算结果相比较,发现二者的结果具有可比性.不同的是,RSEI不仅可以作为一个量化指标,而且还可以对区域生态环境变化进行可视化、时空分析、建模和预测.因此,可弥补EI指数在这些方面的不足.