镁同位素示踪大陆风化：进展与挑战

大陆风化制约着地表物质循环及其从陆地向湖泊/海洋的迁移,并通过消耗大气CO2调节不同时间尺度的全球碳循环和气候变化,因此如何有效示踪大陆风化是地球表生过程研究的重要科学问题之一。镁（Mg）无化合价变化,不涉及氧化还原作用,主要赋存于硅酸盐岩和碳酸盐岩中,并且在表生地质过程中Mg同位素通常会发生显著的同位素分馏,这些优势赋予Mg同位素体系具备示踪大陆风化的广阔潜力。随着质谱技术的不断提高,高精度Mg同位素分析技术经历了快速且成熟的发展,并在示踪大陆风化作用研究中得到了广泛的应用。然而,风化体系中Mg的来源和同位素分馏的制约要素争议颇多,尚未达成共识。本文从Mg的储库、风化壳、流域体系、室内实验和模型模拟等方面综述了目前Mg同位素示踪大陆风化的研究进展与存在的挑战。最后指出,在示踪大陆风化方面,Mg同位素提供了独特的视角,建议细化岩石/矿物溶解及形成实验、大小流域相结合、加强多同位素体系联用并相互补充与验证,以及加强计算模型模拟,以此来约束Mg同位素示踪大陆风化的不确定性。     

晚更新世长江中下游沙山和黄土物质来源研究

风成沉积物的产生、搬运和沉积过程是地球各圈层相互作用的产物。晚更新世末次冰期时，长江中下游广泛分布沙山和黄土，对于它们是远源搬运而来，还是近源堆积一直存有争议。对青山、九江、定山和红光这些典型沙山和黄土剖面进行碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分析，获得346个新数据结果，将其与潜在物源区的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄进行对比，结合这些地层的沉积时代和区域内已报道的物源示踪结果，发现在末次冰期青山沙山和九江黄土的碎屑锆石来自近源的江汉平原，定山沙山和红光黄土的碎屑锆石来自赣江。长江中下游沙山和黄土的发育属于河流搬运的碎屑物质被东亚冬季风吹拂和高大地形阻挡发生沉积的模式。     

An improved grey wolf optimizer algorithm for identification and location of gas emission

Identification of the leakage of hazardous gases plays an important role in the environment protection, human health and safety of industry production. However, lots of current optimization algorithms, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), suffer from poor global optimization capability and estimation accuracy. In this work, a hybrid differential evolutionary and GWO (DE-GWO) algorithm is proposed. Tested by simulation cases and Prairie Grass emission experimental data, DE-GWO shows higher estimation accuracy than GWO. Compared with the other four optimization algorithms, DE-GWO exhibits finer robust stability under different population sizes, fewer iterations, as well as higher estimation accuracy with fewer search agents. Importantly, simulation results demonstrate that DE-GWO is more suitable to apply in the scene with a small number of sensors. Therefore, the proposed in this paper outperforms other optimization algorithms for the gas emission inverse problem. DE-GWO can provide reliable estimation towards gas emission identification and positioning, which shows huge potential as the data analysis module of real-time monitoring and early warning system.     

Modification of uncertainty analysis in adapted material flow analysis: Case study of nitrogen flows in the Day-Nhue River Basin,Vietnam

Nitrogen flows impacted by human activities in the Day-Nhue River Basin in northern Vietnam have been modeled using adapted material flow analysis (MFA). This study introduces a modified uncertainty analysis procedure and its importance in MFA. We generated a probability distribution using a Monte Carlo simulation, calculated the nitrogen budget for each process and then evaluated the plausibility under three different criterion sets. The third criterion, with one standard deviation of the budget value as the confidence interval and 68% as the confidence level, could be applied to effectively identify hidden uncertainties in the MFA system. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for revising parameters, followed by the reassessment of the model structure by revising equations or flow regime, if necessary. The number of processes that passed the plausibility test increased from five to nine after reassessment of model uncertainty with a greater model quality. The application of the uncertainty analysis approach to this case study revealed that the reassessment of equations in the aquaculture process largely changed the results for nitrogen flows to environments. The significant differences were identified as increased nitrogen load to the atmosphere and to soil/groundwater (17% and 41%, respectively), and a 58% decrease in nitrogen load to surface water. Thus, modified uncertainty analysis was considered to be an important screening system for ensuring quality of MFA modeling.     

成都大气污染物在焚烧秸秆时的溯源初步探究

在空气污染指数(API)的数据基础上,结合卫星遥感、气团后向轨迹及气象数据,通过初步分析秸秆焚烧对本地及区域范围输送对城市空气质量影响,研究不同空气污染类型(本地型、本地区域相结合型、输送型)特征,探索重污染条件的大气污染物溯源方法。